{
 "date": "1969-07-20",
 "weekday": "Sunday",
 "weekday_note": "Gregorian calendar; some countries still used the Julian calendar after 1582",
 "events": [
  {
   "date": "July 20",
   "section": "Technology & Infrastructure",
   "text": "July 20 – 1969 Tour de France: Belgian Eddy Merckx wins the cycle race for the first time.",
   "source": {
    "wikipedia_article": "1969",
    "revision_id": 1373164180,
    "section": "Events › July",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#July"
   }
  },
  {
   "date": "July 20",
   "section": "Science & Discovery",
   "text": "July 20 – Apollo program Moon landing: At 3:17 pm ET (20:17 UTC) Apollo 11's Lunar Module Eagle lands on the Moon's surface. At 10:56 pm ET (02:56 UTC July 21), an estimated 650 million people worldwide, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at this time, watch in awe as Neil Armstrong takes his first historic steps on the surface.",
   "source": {
    "wikipedia_article": "1969",
    "revision_id": 1373164180,
    "section": "Events › July",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#July"
   }
  }
 ],
 "births": [],
 "deaths": [],
 "events_same_year": 237,
 "leaders": {
  "basis": "in office during 1969: the sources give years, not days, so a holder who left before July 20 is still listed",
  "states": [
   {
    "state": "Republic of Cameroon",
    "country": "Cameroon",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Ahmadou Ahidjo",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q298718"
     },
     {
      "name": "Salomon Tandeng Muna",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q693094"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Central African Republic",
    "country": "Central African Republic",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Jean-Bédel Bokassa",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q162708"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Chad",
    "country": "Chad",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "François Tombalbaye",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q297812"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)",
    "country": "Congo, Democratic Republic of the",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Mobutu Sese Seko",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q164535"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)",
    "country": "Congo",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Alfred Raoul",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q248332"
     },
     {
      "name": "Alfred Raoul",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q248332"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "People's Republic of the Congo",
    "country": "Congo",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Marien Ngouabi",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q454025"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Equatorial Guinea",
    "country": "Equatorial Guinea",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Francisco Macías Nguema",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q211936"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Gabon",
    "country": "Gabon",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Omar Bongo",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q172083"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Burundi",
    "country": "Burundi",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Michel Micombero",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q282359"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Ethiopian Empire",
    "country": "Ethiopia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Haile Selassie",
      "post": "I, Emperor",
      "wikidata": "Q41178"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Kenya",
    "country": "Kenya",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Jomo Kenyatta",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q173563"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Malagasy Republic",
    "country": "Madagascar",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Philibert Tsiranana",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q315944"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Mauritius (Commonwealth realm)",
    "country": "Mauritius",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Seewoosagur Ramgoolam",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q2166580"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Rwanda",
    "country": "Rwanda",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Grégoire Kayibanda",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q557995"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Somali Republic",
    "country": "Somalia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Abdirashid Ali Shermarke",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q308215"
     },
     {
      "name": "Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein",
      "post": "Interim President",
      "wikidata": "Q2993432"
     },
     {
      "name": "Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q470991"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Somali Democratic Republic",
    "country": "Somalia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Siad Barre",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q209828"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "United Republic of Tanzania",
    "country": "Tanzania",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Julius Nyerere",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q186525"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Uganda",
    "country": "Uganda",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Milton Obote",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q210069"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Kingdom of Libya",
    "country": "Libya",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Idris",
      "post": "King",
      "wikidata": "Q116430"
     },
     {
      "name": "Wanis al-Qaddafi",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q708296"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Tunisia",
    "country": "Tunisia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Habib Bourguiba",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q643348"
     },
     {
      "name": "Bahi Ladgham",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q800238"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Arab Republic of Egypt",
    "country": "Egypt",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Gamal Abdel Nasser",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q39524"
     },
     {
      "name": "Gamal Abdel Nasser",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q39524"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)",
    "country": "Sudan",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Ismail al-Azhari",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q255545"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Democratic Republic of the Sudan",
    "country": "Sudan",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Gaafar Nimeiry",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q311798"
     },
     {
      "name": "Babiker Awadalla",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q797694"
     },
     {
      "name": "Gaafar Nimeiry",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q311798"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "People's Democratic Republic of Algeria",
    "country": "Algeria",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Houari Boumediene",
      "post": "Chairman of the Revolutionary Council",
      "wikidata": "Q310855"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Sultanate/ Kingdom of Morocco",
    "country": "Morocco",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Hassan II",
      "post": "King",
      "wikidata": "Q69103"
     },
     {
      "name": "Mohamed Benhima",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q718239"
     },
     {
      "name": "Ahmed Laraki",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q401360"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Botswana",
    "country": "Botswana",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Seretse Khama",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q219962"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)",
    "country": "Eswatini/ Swaziland",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Sobhuza II",
      "post": "King",
      "wikidata": "Q379576"
     },
     {
      "name": "Makhosini Dlamini",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q489144"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Kingdom of Lesotho",
    "country": "Lesotho",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Moshoeshoe II",
      "post": "King",
      "wikidata": "Q544951"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Malawi",
    "country": "Malawi",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Hastings Banda",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q184945"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of South Africa",
    "country": "South Africa",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Balthazar Johannes Vorster",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q313903"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Zambia",
    "country": "Zambia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Kenneth Kaunda",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q105480"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Rhodesia, unrecognised state",
    "country": "Zimbabwe",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Ian Smith",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q313424"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Dahomey",
    "country": "Benin",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Émile Derlin Zinsou",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q878888"
     },
     {
      "name": "Maurice Kouandété",
      "post": "Chief of Staff of the Army",
      "wikidata": "Q888400"
     },
     {
      "name": "Paul-Émile de Souza",
      "post": "Chairman of the Directory",
      "wikidata": "Q881211"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "French Upper Volta/ Republic of Upper Volta",
    "country": "Burkina Faso",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Sangoulé Lamizana",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q529272"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "The Gambia (1965–1970)",
    "country": "Gambia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Dawda Jawara",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q312716"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Ghana",
    "country": "Ghana",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Joseph Arthur Ankrah",
      "post": "Military Head of State",
      "wikidata": "Q356728"
     },
     {
      "name": "Akwasi Afrifa",
      "post": "Military Head of State",
      "wikidata": "Q424377"
     },
     {
      "name": "Akwasi Afrifa",
      "post": "President of the Second Republic",
      "wikidata": "Q424377"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Guinea",
    "country": "Guinea",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Ahmed Sékou Touré",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q155402"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Ivory Coast",
    "country": "Ivory Coast",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q214407"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Liberia",
    "country": "Liberia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "William Tubman",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q301707"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Mali",
    "country": "Mali",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Moussa Traoré",
      "post": "Chairman of the Military Committee for National Liberation; Head of State",
      "wikidata": "Q313242"
     },
     {
      "name": "Yoro Diakité",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q3162939"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Islamic Republic of Mauritania",
    "country": "Mauritania",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Moktar Ould Daddah",
      "post": "Acting Head of State; President",
      "wikidata": "Q345385"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of the Niger",
    "country": "Niger",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Hamani Diori",
      "post": "President of the Republic",
      "wikidata": "Q314355"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Federal Republic of Nigeria: Fourth Republic",
    "country": "Nigeria",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Yakubu Gowon",
      "post": "Military Head of State",
      "wikidata": "Q354695"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Senegal",
    "country": "Senegal",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Léopold Sédar Senghor",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q154545"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Sierra Leone (Commonwealth realm)",
    "country": "Sierra Leone",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Togolese Republic",
    "country": "Togo",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Gnassingbé Eyadéma",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q155385"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Barbados",
    "country": "Barbados",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Errol Barrow",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q1361644"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Cuba",
    "country": "Cuba",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q48690"
     },
     {
      "name": "Fidel Castro",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q11256"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Fourth Dominican Republic",
    "country": "Dominican Republic",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Joaquín Balaguer",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q147989"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Duvalier dynasty, Haiti",
    "country": "Haiti",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "François Duvalier",
      "post": "President for Life",
      "wikidata": "Q187697"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Jamaica",
    "country": "Jamaica",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Hugh Shearer",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q982324"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Dominion of Trinidad and Tobago",
    "country": "Trinidad and Tobago",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Eric Williams",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q1338879"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Costa Rica",
    "country": "Costa Rica",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "José Trejos Fernández",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q718351"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "El Salvador",
    "country": "El Salvador",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Fidel Sánchez Hernández",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q887693"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Guatemala",
    "country": "Guatemala",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Julio César Méndez Montenegro",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q879311"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Honduras",
    "country": "Honduras",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Oswaldo López Arellano",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q371186"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Nicaragua",
    "country": "Nicaragua",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q218443"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Panama",
    "country": "Panama",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Omar Torrijos",
      "post": "Military Leader",
      "wikidata": "Q332055"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Canada",
    "country": "Canada",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Pierre Trudeau",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q8619"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Mexico",
    "country": "Mexico",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Gustavo Díaz Ordaz",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q315637"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "United States",
    "country": "United States",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Lyndon B. Johnson",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q9640"
     },
     {
      "name": "Richard Nixon",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q9588"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Argentina",
    "country": "Argentina",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Juan Carlos Onganía",
      "post": "de facto President",
      "wikidata": "Q365326"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Bolivia",
    "country": "Bolivia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "René Barrientos",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q332074"
     },
     {
      "name": "Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q886540"
     },
     {
      "name": "Alfredo Ovando Candía",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q1780127"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Brazilian Military regime",
    "country": "Brazil",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Artur da Costa e Silva",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q312361"
     },
     {
      "name": "Emílio Garrastazu Médici",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q299165"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Presidential Republic (1925–1973) of Chile",
    "country": "Chile",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Eduardo Frei Montalva",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q475"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Colombia",
    "country": "Colombia",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Carlos Lleras Restrepo",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q540230"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Guyana (1966–1970)",
    "country": "Guyana",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Elizabeth II",
      "post": "Queen",
      "wikidata": "Q9682"
     },
     {
      "name": "Forbes Burnham",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q718256"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "El Stronato: Paraguay",
    "country": "Paraguay",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Alfredo Stroessner",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q152534"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Military Junta of Peru",
    "country": "Peru",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Juan Velasco Alvarado",
      "post": "President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces",
      "wikidata": "Q311431"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Republic of Peru",
    "country": "Peru",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Ernesto Montagne Sánchez",
      "post": "Prime Minister",
      "wikidata": "Q4301984"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)",
    "country": "Suriname",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Johan Adolf Pengel",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q324549"
     },
     {
      "name": "Jules Sedney",
      "post": "Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q924337"
     },
     {
      "name": "Arthur Johan May",
      "post": "Acting Prime minister",
      "wikidata": "Q2390046"
     }
    ]
   },
   {
    "state": "Uruguay",
    "country": "Uruguay",
    "holders": [
     {
      "name": "Jorge Pacheco Areco",
      "post": "President",
      "wikidata": "Q367083"
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      "name": "Yen Chia-kan",
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      "name": "Mao Zedong",
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      "name": "Zhou Enlai",
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      "name": "Kim Il Sung",
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      "wikidata": "Q41117"
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      "name": "Park Chung Hee",
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      "name": "Chung Il-kwon",
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      "name": "Souvanna Phouma",
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      "name": "Souvanna Phouma",
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      "name": "Tunku Abdul Rahman",
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      "name": "Lee Kuan Yew",
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      "name": "Thanom Kittikachorn",
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      "name": "Tôn Đức Thắng",
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      "wikidata": "Q724317"
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      "name": "Phạm Văn Đồng",
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      "name": "V. V. Giri",
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      "name": "V. V. Giri",
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      "name": "Mohammad Hidayatullah",
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     {
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     {
      "name": "Charles de Gaulle",
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     {
      "name": "Georges Pompidou",
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     {
      "name": "Alain Poher",
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   {
    "state": "Second Portuguese Republic",
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   {
    "state": "Francoist Spain",
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     {
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   {
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   {
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      "name": "Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake",
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      "name": "William R. Norwood",
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      "name": "Edward E. Johnston",
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  "source": {
   "name": "Wikipedia",
   "title": "List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)",
   "revid": 1371751893,
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371751893",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "retrieved": "2026-10-22"
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  "checked": "Each holder is quoted from the list and kept for this year only where the person's own Wikidata record holds the same post over the same term, to within a year."
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 "number_one_song": {
  "chart_issue_date": "1969-07-26",
  "title": "In the Year 2525 (Exordium and Terminus)",
  "artist": "Zager and Evans",
  "source": {
   "year": 1969,
   "title": "List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1969",
   "revid": 1378392259,
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378392259",
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  "today_as_of": "2026-09-01",
  "items": [
   {
    "label": "Median price of a new house sold",
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   },
   {
    "label": "Federal minimum wage",
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     "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STTMINWGFG",
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   "source": {
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    "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, via FRED series CPIAUCNS",
    "url": "https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUUR0000SA0",
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   "source": {
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    "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/B230RC0A052NBEA",
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  "co2_mauna_loa": {
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