{"slug": "aachen", "label": "Aachen", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1017", "qid": "Q1017", "description": "city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany", "entries": 35, "years": 35, "span": [781, 1876], "span_label": ["781 CE", "1876 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 15}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "king-of-the-romans", "label": "King of the Romans", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "charlemagne", "label": "Charlemagne", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "louis-the-pious", "label": "Louis the Pious", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "otto-iv-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-germany", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pepin-of-italy", "label": "Pepin of Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-lorraine", "label": "Duchy of Lorraine", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cologne", "label": "Cologne", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "worms-germany", "label": "Worms, Germany", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "carolingian-empire", "label": "Carolingian Empire", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne meets Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon missionary, in Italy, and invites him to Aachen, where he becomes Charlemagne's chief adviser on religious and educational matters (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Europe", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne summons Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon missionary, to Aachen, and appoints him as chief adviser on religious and educational matters. He becomes the leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Europe", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon missionary, returns (after an 8-year absence) to England. During his stay at the Carolingian court of King Charlemagne in Aachen, he has educated his sons Charles, Pepin and Louis. Alcuin revises the church liturgy and the Bible, and is responsible for an intellectual movement within the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Europe", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Queen Fastrada, third wife of Charlemagne, dies in Frankfurt after 11 years of marriage. Charlemagne consoles himself with Luitgard, an Alemannian noblewoman, whom he marries and moves into his new palace at Aachen (Germany). Luitgard shares Charlemagne's interest in the liberal arts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Europe", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (modern Germany) is consecrated by Pope Leo III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Religion", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Venetian dukes change sides again, submitting to King Pepin, under the authority of his father Charlemagne, who then proceeds to take Venice. Emperor Nikephoros I sends a Byzantine fleet to Dalmatia, prompting Pepin to withdraw to the mainland. A legate is dispatched to Venice, where he deposes the turncoat dukes, before continuing on to Aachen, to negotiate a peace with Charlemagne. Charlemagne recognises Byzantine dominance over Venice and Dalmatia in the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 814, "year_label": "814 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Charlemagne dies of pleurisy in Aachen, after an almost 14-year reign (since 800) as the first Roman Emperor of Frankish origin (the precursor of the Holy Roman Emperor). He is embalmed and buried in Aachen Cathedral. Charlemagne is succeeded by his son Louis the Pious, as king of the Frankish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655218#Europe", "title": "814", "revid": 1366655218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 817, "year_label": "817 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Louis I issues an Ordinatio Imperii, an imperial decree that lays out plans for an orderly succession. He divides the Frankish Empire among his three sons: Lothair, the eldest, is proclaimed co-emperor in Aachen, and becomes the overlord of his brothers. He receives the dominion of Burgundy (including German and Gallic parts). Pepin, the second son, is proclaimed king of Aquitaine, and receives Gascony (including the marche around Toulouse and parts of Septimania); Louis (the youngest son) is proclaimed king of Bavaria, and receives the dominions of East Francia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204806#Europe", "title": "817", "revid": 1349204806, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 819, "year_label": "819 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Louis I marries Judith of Bavaria in Aachen. She becomes his second wife and Empress of the Franks. Like many of the royal marriages of the time, Judith is selected through a bridal show.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941210#Europe", "title": "819", "revid": 1340941210, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 861, "year_label": "861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Viking raiders sack the cities of Paris, Cologne, Aachen, Worms and Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129426#Europe", "title": "861", "revid": 1341129426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Lothair II of Lotharingia tries to divorce his wife Teutberga, on trumped-up charges of incest. With the support of his brother, Louis II, the bishops give him permission to remarry during a synod at Aachen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Central_Europe", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Central Europe"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – King Henry I (\"the Fowler\") dies at his royal palace in Memleben, Thuringia, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son Otto I, who is married to Eadgyth, a daughter of the late King Edward the Elder. Otto is the first German king to be crowned in Charlemagne's former capital of Aachen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Europe", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor elects his 6-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler at the Imperial Diet in Worms. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda and his half-brother William of Mainz. Otto's own brother Bruno I is charged with the provisional government of Lorraine again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Europe", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 977, "year_label": "977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Otto II appoints his cousin Charles, illegitimate son of the late King Louis IV (d'Outremer), as duke of Lorraine. King Lothair III – who claims the duchy as his own territory – declares war to the Holy Roman Empire. He leads an expedition into Lorraine accompanied by Hugh Capet. Lothair crosses the Meuse River and takes Aachen, sacking the imperial palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908323#Europe", "title": "977", "revid": 1341908323, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Otto III is crowned at Aachen by Archbishops Willigis of Mainz and John X of Ravenna. The Holy Roman Empire comes under the regency of his mother, Empress consort Theophanu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. The Holy Roman Emperor Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I the Brave) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Christendom", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Christendom"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Gisela of Swabia, wife of Conrad II, is crowned as the Queen consort of Germany by Archbishop Pilgrim in a ceremony at Cologne. The royal couple then make a tour of Germany, traveling to Aachen (9/23), Nijmegen, Liege (10/2), Gendt (11/14), Dortmund and Minden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#July–September", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (\"the Black\") dies after a 10-year reign at Bodfeld, an imperial hunting lodge (Königspfalz) in the Harz Mountains. He is succeeded by his 5-year-old only son Henry IV as \"king of the Germans\" and enthroned by Pope Victor II (also a German) at Aachen – while his mother, Empress Agnes of Poitou, becomes co-regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Europe", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Conrad III is elected as King of Germany, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin at Koblenz. He is crowned at Aachen six days later (on March 13), and acknowledged in Bamberg by several German princes of southern Germany. Henry X (the Proud), son-in-law and heir of the late King Lothair III, refuses his allegiance to Conrad. He is deprived of all his Saxon territories, which are given to Leopold IV (the Generous).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Europe", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – King Conrad III dies after a 14-year reign at Bamberg. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew Frederick I (Barbarossa), duke of Swabia, who is crowned as King of the Germans at Aachen several days later, on March 9. Frederick becomes sole ruler of Germany and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, Frederick IV, who becomes duke of Swabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Europe", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – Philip of Swabia, son of the late Emperor Frederick I, is elected \"King of Germany\" by his supporters at Mühlhausen in Thuringia. Archbishop Adolf of Cologne elects Otto of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as King of the Romans in Aachen by supporters of the House of Welf. Philip's coronation does not take place until September 8, at Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Europe", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans and is crowned again with great ceremony at Aachen by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope Innocent III and excommunicated, on July 19. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against Otto of Brunswick (who is also crowned king of Germany) in the northern parts of the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Europe", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The German nobles, supported by Innocent III, again elect the 20-year-old Frederick II as King of the Romans who is crowned in Aachen, on July 25. The same day, Frederick takes the Cross and promises to go on Crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Frederick II recovering at Pozzuoli, receives a letter from Pope Gregory IX, announcing his ex-communication. Frederick is branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times, at Aachen, Ferentino, Veroli and San Germano. Meanwhile, the Crusader army fortifies Sidon Sea Castle and rebuilds Montfort Castle, northeast of Acre, as a new headquarter castle for the Teutonic Knights, who called it Starkenburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Europe", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the 48-year-old Richard of Cornwall (the brother of King Henry III of England) is elected King of the Romans. He is crowned at Aachen, on May 17. His candidacy is opposed by King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\"), Pope Alexander IV and King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") who favour Alfonso, but both are ultimately convinced by Richard's sister-in-law, Queen Eleanor of Provence, to support Richard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Europe", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – The coronation of Henry of Luxemburg as \"King of the Romans\", the person first-in-line to succeed the Holy Roman Emperor, takes place at Aachen (now in Germany). He will become the Emperor in 1312.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#January_–_March", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – 19 October 1314 imperial election for the Holy Roman Emperor at Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main). The 25-year-old Frederick the Fair of the House of Habsburg is elected by four of the electors and is crowned at Bonn Minster on November 25; however, in a dispute over validity of the election, Louis IV the Bavarian of the House of Wittelsbach is elected the following day by the remaining three electors and is crowned at Aachen, leading to civil war in the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#October_–_December", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The city of Aachen, Germany, begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins, the first city in the world to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#Date_unknown", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The illness dancing mania begins in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), possibly due to ergotism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#April–June", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The coronation of Sigismund of Luxembourg as King of the Romans takes place at Aachen, four years after he had been elected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#October–December", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – The coronation of Maximilian the First as \"King of the Romans\" takes place at Aachen, in that the Holy Roman Imperial capital of Vienna was captured by Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#April–June", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Charles V is crowned King of Germany in Aachen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#October–December", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – Matthias I, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor, directs the restoration of Roman Catholic rule to Aachen, allowing the Army of Flanders (from the Spanish Netherlands) to lay siege to the German town.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#January–March", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), with the intent to conclude the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty is signed on October 18.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#April–June", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Global consumer goods and personal care company Henkel is founded by Friedrich Karl Henkel in Aachen, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#September", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › September"}}]}