{"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12536", "qid": "Q12536", "description": "third Islamic caliphate (750–1258)", "entries": 122, "years": 110, "span": [748, 1518], "span_label": ["748 CE", "1518 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 42}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 36}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 23}, {"title": "Births", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "baghdad", "label": "Baghdad", "shared": 25}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "al-mu-tadid", "label": "Al-Mu'tadid", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "tulunids", "label": "Tulunids", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "harun-al-rashid", "label": "Harun al-Rashid", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan (modern Iran), marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i takes the cities Nishapur and Rey, defeating an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Gorgan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Arabian_Empire", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 749, "year_label": "749 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad prince, is executed by crucifixion on orders of the first Abbasid caliph, Abdullah ibn Muhammad, at Al-Hirah (or 750).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938976#Arabian_Empire", "title": "749", "revid": 1365938976, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Caliph as-Saffah dies of smallpox after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his nominated heir and brother al-Mansur, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 758, "year_label": "758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Abbasid Arabs and Uyghur Turks arrive simultaneously at the Tang capital of Chang'an, in order to offer tribute to the imperial court. The Arabs and Turks bicker and fight over diplomatic prominence at the gate, to present tribute before the other. A settlement is reached when both are allowed to enter at the same time, but through different gates to the palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654492#Asia", "title": "758", "revid": 1366654492, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mansur of the Abbasid Caliphate launches the conquest of Tabaristan (on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea). Its ruler, Khurshid II, flees into the mountainous region of Daylam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 761, "year_label": "761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Abbasid Caliphate army reconquers the city of Kairouan (in modern-day Tunisia), from 'Abd al-Rahmān ibn Rustam of the Rustamid dynasty. The latter is forced to flee west, where he creates an autonomous state around Tihert (Tiaret).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847723#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "761", "revid": 1340847723, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 762, "year_label": "762 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Caliph al-Mansur moves the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate from Kufa to the new capital of Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847727#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "762", "revid": 1340847727, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Battle of Bakhamra: The Abbasid army under Isa ibn Musa defeats the Alids, and puts an end to their rebellion. The power of the Abbasid dynasty is consolidated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 765, "year_label": "765 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Zenata Berber tribe of Banu Ifran rebels against the Abbasid Caliphate, and creates an independent state centered around Tlemcen (modern Algeria). Their tribal chief Abu Qurra rebuilds the city (formerly, the Roman colonia Pomaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847741#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "765", "revid": 1340847741, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Kharijite Berbers of Tlemcen and Tiaret try to conquer Ifriqiya from the Abbasid Caliphate, but fail to capture the capital of Kairouan (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Africa", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bashmurian revolts continues in Egypt. A general revolt of the Delta takes place. The Egyptians joined with Arab settlers against the Abbasid government. Local officials were killed, and the governor Yazīd ibn Ḥātim sent a force against them, but it was defeated and forced to retreat to al-Fusṭāṭ.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Egypt", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) dies after a 21-year reign, in which he has made Baghdad the residence of the Abbasid Caliphate. He is succeeded by his son al-Mahdi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Arab_Caliphate", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Caliphate"}}, {"year": 777, "year_label": "777 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Abbasid–Carolingian alliance: Charlemagne receives a request for support from pro-Abbasid rulers in the eastern thughur, or military frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba. Several powerful officials and noblemen in northeastern Iberia, such as the governors of Barcelona and Zaragoza, seek to rise up against the Umayyad emir Abd al-Rahman I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348716720#Europe", "title": "AD 777", "revid": 1348716720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV (\"the Khazar\") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrakon, military governor (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, defeats the Muslim-Arabs at the fortress city of Germanikeia in Cilicia (modern Turkey). He plunders the region and takes many captives, mostly Jacobites, who are resettled in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Arab_Caliphate_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Caliphate and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab forces (95,000 men) under Harun al-Rashid, son of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, cross the Taurus Mountains and capture the Byzantine border fortress of Magida. Harun leaves his lieutenant Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus to besiege the city of Nakoleia (Phrygia), while another force (30,000 men), probably under Yahya ibn Khalid, is sent to raid the western coastlands of Asia Minor. Harun himself, with the main army, advances to the Opsician Theme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Abbasid_Empire", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi is poisoned by one of his concubines. He is succeeded by his son Al-Hadi, who becomes the fourth ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Arabian_Empire", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 786, "year_label": "786 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Battle of Fakhkh: An Alid uprising in Medina is crushed by the Abbasids. One of the Alids, Idris ibn Abdallah, flees to the Maghreb in western North Africa, where he later founds the Idrisid dynasty in 788/789.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848276#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "786", "revid": 1340848276, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). It is confronted by two Byzantine armies at Podandos in Cappadocia, who are defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Idris I reaches Volubilis and founds the Idrisid dynasty, ceding Morocco from the Abbasid caliphate and founding the first Moroccan state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Islamic_Caliphate", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Islamic Caliphate"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Al-Khayzuran, widow of former Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, dies, leaving more of the effective and real power in the hands of Harun al-Rashid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Islamic_Caliphate", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Islamic Caliphate"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "A paper mill begins production at Baghdad during the Abbasid era, as the Arabs spread the techniques developed by Chinese papermakers. Baghdad becomes a great seat of learning, with Christian and Jewish scholars as well as Muslims, while Europe remains largely unlettered. The Arabs will become the world's most proficient papermakers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Communication", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Communication"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Africa", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede their holdings in southern Italy to the Aghlabid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Europe", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Mecca Protocol: Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession is finalized. Harun's eldest son al-Amin is named heir, but his second son al-Ma'mun is named as al-Amin's heir, and ruler of a broadly autonomous Khurasan. A third son, al-Qasim, is added as third heir, and receives responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fourth Fitna: Abbasid caliph al-Amin appoints Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan as governor of Khurasan, in northeast Persia, and sends an army of 40,000 men with him against his half-brother al-Ma'mun. Ibn Mahan's army is defeated by a smaller army under Tahir ibn Husayn, at Rayy. During the fighting Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Baghdad: Caliph al-Amin surrenders Baghdad, after al-Ma'mun's General Tahir accepts his peace terms, but he is captured and executed. His brother al-Ma'mun becomes undisputed ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 816, "year_label": "816 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Babak Khorramdin, Persian military leader, revolts against the Abbasid Caliphate in Azerbaijan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941190#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "816", "revid": 1340941190, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 819, "year_label": "819 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun returns to Baghdad, securing the city's place as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941210#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "819", "revid": 1340941210, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine general Thomas the Slav leads a revolt, and secures control over most of the Byzantine themes (provinces) in Anatolia. He gets recognition from the Abbasid Caliphate, and concludes a peace treaty with Caliph al-Ma'mun. Thomas crosses with his fleet from Abydos to Thrace, and blockades Emperor Michael II in Constantinople; but Thomas' first attack on the capital fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Tahir ibn Husayn, an Iranian general, is appointed as governor of Khurasan, as a reward for supporting the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Relics of Mark the Evangelist are stolen from Alexandria (controlled by the Abbasid Caliphate) by two Venetian merchants, and brought to Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Religion", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos invades the Abbasid dominions, and reaches the Euphrates River in north-eastern Syria. He captures and sacks the city of Tarsus, but is defeated in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 832, "year_label": "832 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: The Byzantine fortress of Loulon (modern Turkey) is captured by the Abbasids. Its garrison surrenders to Caliph Al-Ma'mun, after a lengthy siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075509#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "832", "revid": 1267075509, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Arab War: Emperor Theophilos signs an armistice for peace with the Abbasid Caliphate. He offers Caliph Al-Ma'mun 100,000 gold dinars, in return for 7,000 Byzantine prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded two days later by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos leads a massive Byzantine expeditionary force into Mesopotamia. He sacks the cities Arsamosata and Sozopetra — which some sources claim as the birthplace of Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim — and forces Melitene to pay tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 838, "year_label": "838 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January", "text": "January – Babak Khorramdin, Iranian leader of the Khurramite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate, executed", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941885#Deaths", "title": "838", "revid": 1340941885, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A pro-Umayyad rebellion, led by al-Mubarqa in Palestine, breaks out against caliph al-Mu'tasim of the Abbasid Caliphate (ending in 842).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dies at Samarra (modern Iraq), after an eight year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Wathiq, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of Mauropotamos: A Byzantine expedition under Theoktistos is sent to Anatolia (modern Turkey), against the Muslim Arabs of the Abbasid Caliphate, who have raided the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia, Anatolikon, Boukellarion, and Opsikion. The Byzantines are defeated, and many of the officers defect to the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 845, "year_label": "845 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: A prisoner exchange occurs between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate, at the River Lamos in Cilicia (modern Turkey). The exchanges last for 10 days, and the Byzantines recover 4,600 prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342044538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "845", "revid": 1342044538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 845, "year_label": "845 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – 42 captured Byzantine officials from Amorium are executed at Samarra, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, after they repeatedly refuse attempts to convert them to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342044538#Asia", "title": "845", "revid": 1342044538, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 847, "year_label": "847 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Abbasid Caliph Al-Wathiq dies of dropsy after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother al-Mutawakkil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348153742#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "847", "revid": 1348153742, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Armenian prince Bagrat II begins a rebellion against Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 851, "year_label": "851 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Bagrat II Bagratuni, Armenian prince and leader of a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, is captured by the Abbasid army, and brought to the caliphal capital of Samarra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073715#Asia", "title": "851", "revid": 1267073715, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 855, "year_label": "855 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mutawakkil sends an Abbasid army, led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian nakharars. He subdues the country, and deports many Armenian nobles to the caliphal capital of Samarra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256482#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "855", "revid": 1350256482, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Another earthquake strikes the Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Tunisia), also killing an estimated 45,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Geology", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By topic › Geology"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah, vizier of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 946)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Births", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 861, "year_label": "861 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Caliph al-Mutawakkil is assassinated by his Turkish guard, starting the period of troubles known as the \"Anarchy at Samarra\" (861–870). He is succeeded by his son Al-Muntasir, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129426#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "861", "revid": 1341129426, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Caliph al-Muntasir dies after just a half-year reign. He is succeeded by al-Musta'in (son of prince Muhammad), as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 13", "text": "13 February – Dvin earthquake. It took place in the city of Dvin on 13 February, 863. During the 9th century, Dvin was the only \"heavily populated\" city in Muslim-dominated Armenia. The city was part of the wider Abbasid Caliphate, and had a multiethnic population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Armenia", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Armenia"}}, {"year": 865, "year_label": "865 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliphal Civil War: An armed conflict starts between the rival Muslim caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz. They fight to determine who takes control over the Abbasid Caliphate (until 866).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129586#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "865", "revid": 1341129586, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Kharijite revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate begins in Al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), which will last for 30 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › Italy › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 868, "year_label": "868 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish general, is sent to Egypt as governor, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. He becomes the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty (until 905), and Egypt becomes an autonomous state for the first time since the Ptolemaic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358169430#Africa", "title": "868", "revid": 1358169430, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 869, "year_label": "869 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Caliph Al-Mu'tazz is murdered by mutinous Muslim troops, after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Al-Muhtadi (a grandson of the late Al-Mu'tasim), as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369351830#Arabian_Empire", "title": "869", "revid": 1369351830, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Caliph Al-Muhtadi is deposed and killed by the Turks, after a brief reign. He is succeeded by Al-Mu'tamid (son of the late Al-Mutawakkil) as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate, who moves his court to Baghdad. End of the Anarchy at Samarra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In Egypt, the first hospital (bimaristan) is built in Cairo by the Abbasid governor, Ahmad ibn Tulun. Physician licensure becomes mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Arabian_Empire", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul: Abbasid forces, led by Al-Muwaffaq, halt a Saffarid invasion on the River Tigris. Emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth tries to capture the Abbasid Caliphate's capital of Baghdad, but he is forced, with his army, to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Arabian_Empire", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 879, "year_label": "879 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Zanj Rebellion: The Abbasid Caliphate concentrates its efforts against the Zanj rebels in Mesopotamia. The Abbasid general Al-Mu'tadid leads an expeditionary force (10,000 men) to suppress the revolt. This marks the turning-point of the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046041#Arabian_Empire", "title": "879", "revid": 1348046041, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 882, "year_label": "882 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December", "text": "December – Ishaq ibn Kundaj, a Turkic military leader, arrests the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tamid, when the latter (and his followers) try to flee into Tulunid territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345951089#Arabian_Empire", "title": "882", "revid": 1345951089, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zanj Rebellion: Abbasid general Al-Muwaffaq brings in Egyptian forces, to help him in his two-year siege of the Zanj capital Mukhtara. He captures the city, and crushes the revolt that has devastated Chaldea (modern Iraq) since 869.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Arabian_Empire", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the Abbasid Caliphate, under Al-Mu'tadid, are defeated near Ramlah (modern Israel) by Khumarawayh, ruler of the Tulunid dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day Iraq to depart without ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Arabian_Empire", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 891, "year_label": "891 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Al-Muwaffaq, an Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief, dies at the capital of Baghdad. His son Al-Mu'tadid is recognized as regent, and second heir of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072819#Arabian_Empire_(Caliphate)", "title": "891", "revid": 1267072819, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire (Caliphate)"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April", "text": "April – Al-Mu'tadid, the de facto regent of the Abbasid Caliphate, removes his cousin Al-Mufawwad from succession. He becomes caliph himself, after the death of Al-Mu'tamid, returning the capital from Samarra to Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Arabian_Empire", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Al-Mu'tamid, Muslim caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Deaths", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Caliph Al-Mu'tadid recognizes Khumarawayh as autonomous emir over Egypt and Syria, in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000 dinars. The Jazira provinces of Diyar Rabi'a and Diyar Mudar are returned to the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim forces recover direct control of Mosul (modern Iraq) from the Shayban.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Arabian_Empire", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hamdan ibn Hamdun, a Taghlibi Arab chieftain, is defeated and captured by Caliph Al-Mu'tadid at the fortress of Mardin (near modern Cizre). Hamdan's son Husayn enters Abbasid service, beginning the rise of the Hamdanid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Arabian_Empire", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Muqtadir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 932)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Births", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kharijite Rebellion: The Kharijite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in Jazira is ended. Caliph Al-Mu'tadid reunifies the entire province under central government, and installs his son and heir, Al-Muktafi, as governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Arabian_Empire", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Thābit ibn Qurra dies at Baghdad, having served as court astronomer to the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutadid. He has spent his life translating and teaching the works of Greek mathematicians, and of his own.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Arabian_Empire", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tadid dies in Baghdad after a 10-year reign. Possibly poisoned in a palace intrigue, he is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Muktafi as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Arabian_Empire", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun succeeds his nephew Harun ibn Khumarawayh as emir of the Tulunid dynasty, who is killed in a mutiny during the invasion of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Arabian_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Byzantines under Andronikos Doukas, along with Eustathios Argyros, campaign against the Abbasids and defeat the Muslim garrisons of Mopsuestia and Tarsus, near Marash (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Caliph Al-Muktafi sends an Abbasid army (10,000 men) led by Muhammad ibn Sulayman to re-establish control over Syria and Egypt. The campaign is supported from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. He leads his ships up the Nile River, raids the coast, and intercepts the supplies for the Tulunids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Arabian_Empire", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 906, "year_label": "906 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – Abbasid commander Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire from Tarsus, joined by the governor Rustam ibn Baradu. He reaches the Halys River and takes 4,000–5,000 captives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364979263#Arabian_Empire", "title": "906", "revid": 1364979263, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 908, "year_label": "908 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Husayn ibn Hamdan leads a revolt to depose the newly-appointed Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir in Baghdad. He installs his uncle Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz and kills vizier Al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i, but fails to murder Al-Muqtadir. This leads, finally, to the coup's collapse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468131#Arabian_Empire", "title": "908", "revid": 1364468131, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Fatimid Dynasty founded by Shiite Muslims in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) gains suzerainty over the Aghlabid Dynasty in North Africa. Emir Ziyadat Allah III escapes to the Near East, unable to secure any help from the Abbasid Caliphate to regain his emirate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Africa", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid Caliphate replaces the unpopular governor Ibn Abi Khinzir with Ali ibn Umar al-Balawi. But the Sicilian lords find this unacceptable and decide to declare independence of Sicily. They acknowledge allegiance to the Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir and acclaim an Aghlabid prince, Ahmed ibn Khorob, as emir of Sicily. The Sicilians re-launch their conquest of Byzantine Calabria, while Ahmed ibn Khorob in Sicily leads a successful assault against the North African cities of Sfax and Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Arabian_Empire", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – The Fatimid general, Hubasa ibn Yusuf of the Kutama Berber tribe, marches out with his troops to invade Egypt. He follows the coastline, and takes possession of the only two towns of any size Syrte and Ajdabiya, without a struggle. The garrisons of the two towns—the westernmost outposts of the Abbasid Caliphate—have already fled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Africa", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – The Fatimid Caliphate of Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia) launch the second Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921) in an attempt to seize Egypt from its Abbasid rulers. The expedition fails and the Fatimids will be forced to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Africa", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Africa"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – A diplomatic delegation is sent from Baghdad to establish trade routes between the Abbasid Caliphate towards Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan). Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab diplomat and traveller, makes contact with Almış, the İltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of Volga Bulgaria, on behalf of Caliph al-Muqtadir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Arabian_Empire", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 922, "year_label": "922 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Mansur al-Hallaj, a Persian mystic writer, is sentenced to death for heresy after a long trial at Baghdad. Having supported reform in the Abbasid Caliphate, he has been seen as a rabble-rouser, and is flogged, mutilated and executed (by beheading).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509630#Religion", "title": "922", "revid": 1341509630, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – (1 Dhu al-Qi'dah 311 A.H.) Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh is removed from office as the Abbasid Governor of Egypt by the Caliph al-Muqtadir after less than six months in office and is replaced by Takin al-Khazari. who, following his death, sack and burn the city of Pavia. They Hungarian forces penetrate as far as the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#January—March", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – A group of 1,800 warriors of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn attack and destroy the returning Hajj caravans at al-Habir. Some of the more prominent pilgrims, who were returning to Baghdad from Mecca, are taken to Al-Ahsa Oasis to be held for ransom. The event leads to the downfall and execution of the Abbasid Caliphate's vizier, Ibn al-Furat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#January—March", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November — In Baghdad (now in Iraq), Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Khaqani is dismissed from his position as the Grand Vizier of the Abbasid Caliphate upon the insistence of the Abbasid commander Mu'nis al-Muzaffar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Emir Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba, Spain, proclaims himself caliph and creates the Caliphate of Córdoba. He breaks his allegiance to, and ties with, the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar defeats and kills his rival Asfar ibn Shiruya. He conquers in rapid succession the Abbasid cities of Hamadan, Dinavar, and Kashan, and finally the entire region of Isfahan, which becomes his capital. Mardavij appoints his brother Vushmgir as the governor of Amol (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Asia", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 934, "year_label": "934 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Ali ibn Buya, a Samanid governor, takes advantage of the anarchy in Persia and conquers Fars (modern Iran). He founds the Buyid Dynasty, and makes Shiraz his capital. Ali seeks the recognition of the Abbasid caliph Ar-Radi, who confirms him later as his viceroy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512094#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "934", "revid": 1341512094, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Córdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Ibn Muqla, an Abbasid official and vizier, is disgraced after his failed campaign against Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, the rebellious governor of Wasit. He is arrested and imprisoned in Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Arabian_Empire", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Muslim forces under Nasir al-Dawla capture Baghdad and restore Caliph Al-Muttaqi to power again. Al-Dawla establishes himself as amir al-umara, or de facto regent of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Arabian_Empire", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 946, "year_label": "946 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti and becomes only a figurehead (with the Buyid Dynasty as dominate rule) of the once-powerful Abbasid Caliphate while he tries to restore peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512553#Arabian_Empire", "title": "946", "revid": 1341512553, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Al-Mutanabbi, an Abbasid poet, returns from 5 years in Mesopotamia. He has lived at Shiraz under the protection of the Buyid emir 'Adud al-Dawla, but bandits kill him near An Numaniyah (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Literature", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Al-Muti, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 914)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Deaths", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Emperor John I Tzimiskes dies at Constantinople, after returning from a second campaign against the Abbasids in Syria. He is buried in the Church of Christ Chalkites, and succeeded by his 18-year-old nephew Basil II, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. The administration remains in the hands of Basil Lekapenos (an illegitimate son of the late Emperor Romanos I).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – 'Adud al-Dawla, ruler (emir) of the Buyid Dynasty, dies after a 34-year reign. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son Samsam al-Dawla, who is recognised by the Abbasid Caliphate. During al-Dawla's rule his dominions are divided through civil war and revolts (until 987).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Arabian_Empire", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1011, "year_label": "1011 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Baghdad Manifesto is ordered by Caliph Al-Qadir of the Abbasid Caliphate, in response to the growth of the Fatimid-supporting Ismaili sect of Islam within his borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368048875#Middle_East", "title": "1011", "revid": 1368048875, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hammad ibn Buluggin adopts Sunni Islam and declares his independence from the Zirid dynasty (modern Algeria). He recognizes the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad as being the rightful caliphs and becomes the first ruler of the Hammadid dynasty (until 1028).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Africa", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1041, "year_label": "1041 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zirid dynasty rejects Shi'ite obedience and Fatimid domination, and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267586#Africa", "title": "1041", "revid": 1365267586, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Al-Muqtadi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1094)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Births", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1092, "year_label": "1092 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mustarshid, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1135)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273814679#Births", "title": "1092", "revid": 1273814679, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1160)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#Births", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1109, "year_label": "1109 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Rashid, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1138)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315946#Births", "title": "1109", "revid": 1367315946, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1132, "year_label": "1132 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Aleppo and Mosul, marches on Baghdad (the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate), to add it to his dominions. He is defeated by the forces of Caliph Al-Mustarshid, near Tikrit (modern Iraq). Zengi flees and escapes, with the help of Tikrit's governor Najm ad-Din Ayyub (the father of Saladin), who conveys him across the River Tigris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359566515#Levant", "title": "1132", "revid": 1359566515, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1136, "year_label": "1136 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Seljuk sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud appoints al-Rashid Billah's uncle Al-Muqtafi as new caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584360#Levant", "title": "1136", "revid": 1365584360, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Al-Rashid Billah, deposed ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate, assassinated (b. 1109)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Deaths", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1142, "year_label": "1142 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mustadi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1180)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362174122#Births", "title": "1142", "revid": 1362174122, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1096)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Deaths", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Zahir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1226)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Births", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Al-Mustadi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1142)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Deaths", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Al-Nasir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, is shocked by the war between fellow-Muslims and tries to negotiate a peace. Saladin, thwarted by the strong fortifications of Mosul, retreats to Sinjar. He marches to conquer Diarbekir, the richest and the greatest fortress of the Jazira Region (with the finest library in Islam).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Caliph Al-Nasir dies from dysentery at Baghdad after a 45-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Zahir as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#October_–_December", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Al-Nasir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1158)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#Deaths", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – In Baghdad, Al-Mānsūr al-Mustansir bi-llah (known as Al-Mustansir I) becomes the new Caliph of the adherents of Islam (and the 36th of the Abbasid dyansty), succeeding his father, al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah, who died only nine months after succeeding to the Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#July_–_September", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1175)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#Deaths", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Middle_East", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The House of Wisdom (or Great Library) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the Tigris River. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath and theologian, who takes them to Maragheh observatory (located in East Azerbaijan Province). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) and the Islamic Golden Age. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle, and the Mamluk Sultanate falls. The Abbasid Caliphate, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans and the last Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil III, is deported along with his family to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The remnants of The Abbasid Caliphate (stationed in Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) hands over the title of caliph to the Ottoman Empire that had conquered Constantinople in 1453, 65 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#Date_unknown", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}