{"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389688", "qid": "Q389688", "description": "Iranian (Persian) empire (550–330 BC)", "entries": 121, "years": 94, "span": [-599, -39], "span_label": ["600 BCE", "40 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 74}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 17}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 26}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "artaxerxes-ii", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "cyprus", "label": "Cyprus", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "artaxerxes-iii", "label": "Artaxerxes III", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "caria", "label": "Caria", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ionia", "label": "Ionia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "thebes-greece", "label": "Thebes, Greece", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus the Great, king of Persia (or 576 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Births", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -569, "year_label": "570 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Satrapy of Armenia is established as a province of the Achaemenid Empire. This is the first polity to bear the name Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129123#Events", "title": "570 BC", "revid": 1350129123, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -549, "year_label": "550 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus II the Great overthrows Astyages of the Medes, establishing the Achaemenid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356470815#Events", "title": "550 BC", "revid": 1356470815, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -545, "year_label": "546 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus establishes a garrison in Sardis and incorporates the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor into the Achaemenid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352091653#Events", "title": "546 BC", "revid": 1352091653, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -539, "year_label": "540 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210121752#Events", "title": "540 BC", "revid": 1210121752, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -538, "year_label": "539 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25–28? – Battle of Opis: Troops of the Persian Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great decisively defeat those of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354306958#Near_East", "title": "539 BC", "revid": 1354306958, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": -524, "year_label": "525 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pelusium - Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt by painting cats and other animals sacred to the Egyptians on his soldiers' shields. The Egyptians run in fear of \"harming\" these animals. It is said that after the battle, Cambyses hurled cats in the faces of the Egyptians in scorn that they would sacrifice their country for the safety of their animals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304644880#Egypt", "title": "525 BC", "revid": 1304644880, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -521, "year_label": "522 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Babylon rebels against Persian rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365841400#Persian_Empire", "title": "522 BC", "revid": 1365841400, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -521, "year_label": "522 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Cambyses II, ruler of ancient Persia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365841400#Deaths", "title": "522 BC", "revid": 1365841400, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -521, "year_label": "522 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 29", "text": "29 September – Bardiya, ruler of ancient Persia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365841400#Deaths", "title": "522 BC", "revid": 1365841400, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -518, "year_label": "519 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I of Persia, fourth king of Persia (or 518 BC) (d. 465 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342658780#Births", "title": "519 BC", "revid": 1342658780, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -517, "year_label": "518 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Darius I begins constructing Persepolis, a new capital for the Persian Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342658453#Architecture", "title": "518 BC", "revid": 1342658453, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": -515, "year_label": "516 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes I of Sparta receives an embassy from Maeandrius of Samos asking for help to expel the tyrant Syloson, a puppet of the Persian Empire, which is at the time subjugating the city-states of the eastern Aegean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340379939#Greece", "title": "516 BC", "revid": 1340379939, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -506, "year_label": "507 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Athenians send an embassy to the Achaemenid satrap of Asia Minor - in the capital city of Sardis - for help in defending against Spartan threats, but refuse to accept Persian terms, which demanded the return of Hippias' tyranny.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355216974#Greece", "title": "507 BC", "revid": 1355216974, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -499, "year_label": "500 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic will be the official language of the western half of his empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363151372#Middle_East", "title": "500 BC", "revid": 1363151372, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -498, "year_label": "499 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in c. 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129380#Greece", "title": "499 BC", "revid": 1350129380, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -496, "year_label": "497 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persians launch an expedition on the Hellespont and later Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139785#Greece", "title": "497 BC", "revid": 1305139785, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -493, "year_label": "494 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states, the Persians under Artaphernes lay siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Lade is fought at the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appears to be winning the battle until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreat. The sudden defection turns the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet is completely destroyed. Miletus surrenders shortly thereafter, and the Ionian Revolt comes to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362845788#Persian_empire", "title": "494 BC", "revid": 1362845788, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Phoenician-manned Persian fleet restores Persian control of Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Persian_Empire", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -490, "year_label": "491 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city of Aegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits to Persia. The Spartan king, Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, Demaratus, thwarts him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364322520#Greece", "title": "491 BC", "revid": 1364322520, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and its inhabitants are enslaved. He intends the same fate for Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -485, "year_label": "486 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt revolts against Persian rule upon the death of king Darius I. The revolts, probably led by Libyans of the western Delta, are crushed the next year by Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598378#Persian_Empire", "title": "486 BC", "revid": 1360598378, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -485, "year_label": "486 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Darius I, king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire (b. 550 BCE)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598378#Deaths", "title": "486 BC", "revid": 1360598378, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -483, "year_label": "484 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I quells the Egyptian revolt against Persian rule. He ravages the Delta region in the process and then appoints his brother Achaemenes satrap (governor) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129371#Persian_Empire", "title": "484 BC", "revid": 1350129371, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -480, "year_label": "481 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129369#Persian_Empire", "title": "481 BC", "revid": 1350129369, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An eclipse of the sun discourages the Greek army from following up the victory of Salamis. Xerxes returns to Persia leaving behind an army under Mardonius, which winters in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Breaking through the pass at Thermopylae from Macedonia into Greece, the Persians occupy Attica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are devastated by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, as well as the former Athenian archon Xanthippus, return from banishment in Aegina to serve under Themistocles against the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 or September 8-10 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The Persians sack Athens, whose citizens flee to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -478, "year_label": "479 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens, but fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129373#Greece", "title": "479 BC", "revid": 1350129373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -478, "year_label": "479 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27: Mardonius, Persian general (killed in the Battle of Plataea)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129373#Deaths", "title": "479 BC", "revid": 1350129373, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -476, "year_label": "477 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129381#Greece", "title": "477 BC", "revid": 1350129381, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -475, "year_label": "476 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cimon of Athens increases his power at the expense of Themistocles. He ousts Pausanias and the Spartans from the area around the Bosporus. The Spartans, hearing that Pausanias is intriguing with the Persians, recall him and he is \"disciplined\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129376#Greece", "title": "476 BC", "revid": 1350129376, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -468, "year_label": "469 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Themistocles, after being exiled from Athens, makes his way across the Aegean to Magnesia, an inland Ionian city under Persian rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129352#Greece", "title": "469 BC", "revid": 1350129352, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -464, "year_label": "465 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Xerxes I of the Persian Empire, together with his eldest son, is murdered by one of his Ministers, Artabanus the Hyrcanian. The Persian general, Megabyzus, is thought to have been one of the conspirators in the assassination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1094347891#Persian_Empire", "title": "465 BC", "revid": 1094347891, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -464, "year_label": "465 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I, king of Persia (murdered) (b. c. 519 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1094347891#Deaths", "title": "465 BC", "revid": 1094347891, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -463, "year_label": "464 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan, who gains control of the Delta region and is aided by the Athenians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884953#Persian_Empire", "title": "464 BC", "revid": 1288884953, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -462, "year_label": "463 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Themistocles, who is in exile, approaches the Persian King Artaxerxes I seeking Persian help in regaining power in Athens. Artaxerxes is unwilling to help him, but gives him the satrapy of Magnesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129357#Greece", "title": "463 BC", "revid": 1350129357, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egypt revolts against Persian rule. The Egyptian leader, Inaros, asks Athens for assistance, which is willingly provided as Athens has plans to trade with and colonize Egypt. A force of 200 Athenian triremes, which is campaigning in Cyprus, is immediately ordered to Egypt to render assistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Persian_Empire", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Greece", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persian rule in Egypt is finally restored by Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, after a prolonged struggle which has included dealing with a military intervention by Athens. The leader of the revolt, Inaros II, is crucified by the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Persian_Empire", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pericles declares that the Delian League's considerable treasury at Delos is not safe from the Persian navy and has the treasury transferred to Athens, thus strengthening Athens' power over the League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Greece", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -450, "year_label": "451 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persian fleet moves against a rebellious Cyprus to restore order. Kimon, who returns to favour, though not to power, in Athens, plans an expedition to help Cyprus. He gains Pericles' support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326558217#Greece", "title": "451 BC", "revid": 1326558217, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who are fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. He lays siege to the Persian stronghold of Citium on the southern west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Greece", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -438, "year_label": "439 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of Persian assistance to Samos, it takes the Athenian army nine months to successfully complete its siege of Samos and force the Samians to surrender. Samos becomes a tributary of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326570000#Greece", "title": "439 BC", "revid": 1326570000, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -435, "year_label": "436 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes II, king of Persia (approximate date) (d. 358 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173296#Births", "title": "436 BC", "revid": 1354173296, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Greece", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes II rules as King of Persia for only about 45 days until he is killed. He is reportedly murdered, while drunk, by Pharnacyas and Menostanes on the orders of Sogdianus, the son of one of Artaxerxes I's concubines, Alogyne of Babylon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Persian_empire", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -422, "year_label": "423 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sogdianus, King of Persia (assassinated)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360180006#Deaths", "title": "423 BC", "revid": 1360180006, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -412, "year_label": "413 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Lydia and Caria, forms an alliance with Sparta. The Spartans, with strategic advice from Alcibiades and limited assistance from the Persians under Pharnabazus, advance almost to the gates of Athens. King Agis II leads the Spartan force that occupies Decelea in Attica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353493943#Greece", "title": "413 BC", "revid": 1353493943, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades helps stir up revolts amongst Athens' allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. However, Alcibiades loses the confidence of the Spartans and antagonises their king Agis II. As a result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring with the oligarchic party in Athens, as Sparta's allied cities break away in a series of revolts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Greece", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians under Darius II see their opportunity to play off one Greek city-state against another and to recover control of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, which have been under Athenian control since 449 BC. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, are ordered to collect overdue tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Persian_Empire", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -409, "year_label": "410 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Commanding 20 ships, the Athenian generals Theramenes and Thrasybulus collaborate with Alcibiades and the main Athenian fleet in inflicting a major defeat on the Spartan navy commanded by Mindarus and its supporting Persian land army near Cyzicus on the shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara). As a result of its victory in the Battle of Cyzicus, Athens regains control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239404382#Greece", "title": "410 BC", "revid": 1239404382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Thrasyllus, sails out from Athens with a sizable force to campaign in Ionia. There, he quickly captures Colophon and raids the Ionian countryside, but is defeated outside Ephesus by a combined Ephesian, Persian, and Syracusan force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Greece", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Darius II of Persia decides to continue the war against Athens and give support to the Spartans. His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap (governor) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Persian_Empire", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -406, "year_label": "407 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan admiral Lysander refuses to be lured out of Ephesus to do battle with Alcibiades. However, while Alcibiades is away seeking supplies, the Athenian squadron is placed under the command of Antiochus, his helmsman, who is routed by the Spartan fleet (with the help of the Persians under Cyrus) in the Battle of Notium (or Ephesus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996490221#Greece", "title": "407 BC", "revid": 996490221, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theramenes secures terms that save the city of Athens from destruction. The Spartans allow Athens to retain its independence. However, Athens loses all its foreign possessions and what is left of its fleet and is required to become an ally of Sparta. The Long Walls around Athens are pulled down. Greek towns across the Aegean Sea in Ionia are again the subjects of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Greece", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Amyrtaeus of Sais successfully leads a revolt against the Persian Empire's control of the Egyptian delta. He becomes the first (and only) pharaoh of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Egypt", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes II, king of Persia, appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Asia Minor over which Artaxerxes II's brother Cyrus had been governor before his revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Greece", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Persian_Empire", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The \"Corinthian War\" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Greece", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Persian satrap Tissaphernes' enemy Parysatis, mother of Cyrus, succeeds in persuading Persian King Artaxerxes II to have him executed at Colossae, Phrygia (now Turkey). Parysatis cannot forgive Tissaphernes for the rough treatment he has handed out to her favourite son, the late Cyrus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Persian_Empire", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -393, "year_label": "394 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general Conon, the Persian satrap Pharnabazus and Evagoras, King of Salamis, win an overwhelming naval victory over the Spartans under Peisander in the Battle of Cnidus (near Rhodes). Following this victory, Conon and Pharnabazus sail along the coast of Ionia, expelling Spartan governors and garrisons from the cities, although they fail to reduce the Spartan bases at Abydos and Sestos. With the Spartan bid for building an empire crumbling, Persia gains mastery of the Aegean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172908#Greece", "title": "394 BC", "revid": 1354172908, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general Conon and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus sail to mainland Greece, where they raid the coast of Laconia and seize the island of Cythera, where they leave a garrison and an Athenian governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Greece", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian general, Struthas is dispatched by King Artaxerxes II to take command of the satrapy of Sardis, replacing Tiribazus, and to pursue an anti-Spartan policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Persian_Empire", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "During the Corinthian War, the Spartans dispatch an ambassador, Antalcidas, to the Persian satrap Tiribazus, hoping to turn the Persians against the allies by informing them of Conon's use of the Persian fleet to begin rebuilding the Athenian empire. Learning of this, the Athenians send an embassy led by Conon to present their case to the Persians at Sardis. Alarmed by Conon's actions, Tiribazus arrests him, and secretly provides the Spartans with money to equip a fleet. Although Conon quickly escapes, he dies in Cyprus without returning to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Greece", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian satrap, Struthas, pursues an anti-Spartan policy, prompting the Spartans to order Thibron, their governor, to the Greek cities of Ionia to attack him. Thibron successfully ravages Persian territory for a time, but is killed, along with a number of his men, when Struthas ambushes them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Persian_Empire", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Concerned about the revival of Athenian imperialist ambitions, the Persian King Artaxerxes II and King Agesilaus II of Sparta enter into an alliance. Sparta also seeks and gains the support of Dionysius I of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Greece", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -385, "year_label": "386 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Freed from Spartan attacks by the Peace of Antalcidas (\"King's Peace\") of the previous year, Persia turns to quieting Cyprus and Egypt. Owing to the skill of King Evagoras of Cyprus and of Egypt's Greek mercenary general Chabrias, these wars drag on for the rest of the decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363395299#Persian_Empire", "title": "386 BC", "revid": 1363395299, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -383, "year_label": "384 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lysias, the Athenian orator, on the occasion of the Olympiad, rebukes the Greeks for allowing themselves to be dominated by the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I and by the barbarian Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209990210#Greece", "title": "384 BC", "revid": 1209990210, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persia forces the Athenians to withdraw their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been successfully supporting the Egyptian Pharaohs in maintaining their independence from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Persian_empire", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Darius III, king of (Achaemenid) Persia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Births", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -376, "year_label": "377 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mausolus is appointed as the Persian satrap of Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328334796#Persian_Empire", "title": "377 BC", "revid": 1328334796, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -372, "year_label": "373 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Artaxerxes II launches an invasion of Egypt to bring that country back under Persian rule. The invasion is led by Pharnabazus. After initial successes, the Greek mercenaries fighting for the Persians push on towards Memphis. However, King Nectanebo I is able to gather his forces and repulse the Persian invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1080639284#Persian_Empire", "title": "373 BC", "revid": 1080639284, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens does not welcome the Theban victory, fearing the rising aggressiveness of Thebes. After the Theban victory, the old alliance between the Persians and the Thebans is restored.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -366, "year_label": "367 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Theban leader Pelopidas goes on an embassy to the Persian king Artaxerxes II and induces him to propose a settlement of the Greek states' disputes according to the wishes of the Thebans. Artaxerxes II issues an edict consisting of peace terms for the Greeks, but his edict is not obeyed by any of the Greek states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291620451#Greece", "title": "367 BC", "revid": 1291620451, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -365, "year_label": "366 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Persia, a number of satraps of King Artaxerxes II begin a revolt, in alliance with Athens, Sparta, and Egypt, that lasts until 358 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116023#Persian_Empire", "title": "366 BC", "revid": 1300116023, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -364, "year_label": "365 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian forces under general Timotheus overrun Samos, then occupied by a Persian garrison, after a 10-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211340613#Greece", "title": "365 BC", "revid": 1211340613, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -362, "year_label": "363 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian pharaoh Teos (or Tachos) succeeds his father Nectanebo I to the throne. Planning a great attack on Persia, he invites Sparta to help him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837770#Egypt", "title": "363 BC", "revid": 1267837770, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Agesilaus II of Sparta arrives with 1,000 men to assist Egypt in its fight with Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#Egypt", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mausolus of Caria joins the revolt of the satraps of Anatolia against the Persian king Artaxerxes II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#Persian_Empire", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -360, "year_label": "361 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the Persian empire weakening, revolts occur in many parts of the empire, including Sidon, a prosperous and rich Phoenician city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226326183#Persian_Empire", "title": "361 BC", "revid": 1226326183, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the help of King Agesilaus II of Sparta, Nectanebo II deposes Teos and becomes king of Egypt. Teos flees to Susa and makes peace with the Persians. Nectanebo II pays the Spartans 230 talents for their help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Egypt", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes III (\"Ochus\") succeeds Artaxerxes II as King of Persia and restores central authority over the Persian empire's satraps. To secure his throne he puts to death most of his relatives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Persian_Empire", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (b. c. 436 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Deaths", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -356, "year_label": "357 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rhodes falls to the Persian satrap Mausolus of Halicarnassus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210250153#Persian_Empire", "title": "357 BC", "revid": 1210250153, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -354, "year_label": "355 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artaxerxes III of Persia forces Athens to conclude a peace which requires the city to leave Asia Minor and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343188193#Greece", "title": "355 BC", "revid": 1343188193, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -352, "year_label": "353 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mausolus, King and Persian satrap of Caria, dies and is succeeded in 352 BC by Artemisia, his sister and wife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231489277#Persian_Empire", "title": "353 BC", "revid": 1231489277, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -352, "year_label": "353 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mausolus, King and Persian satrap of Caria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231489277#Deaths", "title": "353 BC", "revid": 1231489277, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -350, "year_label": "351 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Encouraged by a failed effort at invasion of Egypt by King Artaxerxes III, Phoenicia and Cyprus revolt against Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325759360#Persian_Empire", "title": "351 BC", "revid": 1325759360, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, seeks help from its sister city of Tyre and from Egypt but gets very little.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Persian_Empire", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -348, "year_label": "349 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sidon is besieged by Persian forces. The Persian Empire reasserted its dominance over Egypt after Nectanebo II was forced to flee following the Persian military campaign under Artaxerxes III. The native Egyptian rule briefly came to an end, and the Persians regained control. This was just a precursor to the later events that would lead to Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt in the early 4th century BCE, ultimately ending Persian rule and ushering in the Hellenistic period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347309456#Persian_Empire", "title": "349 BC", "revid": 1347309456, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -347, "year_label": "348 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After being besieged by the Persian forces of King Artaxerxes III, Sidon is taken and its population is punished with great cruelty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992031#Persian_Empire", "title": "348 BC", "revid": 1209992031, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -343, "year_label": "344 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon besieges Perinthus, which had defied him and was inclining towards his opponents the Athenians, the Perinthian's allies Byzantium and the Achaemenid Empire support Perinthus in their defence of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172872#Greece", "title": "344 BC", "revid": 1354172872, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -343, "year_label": "344 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The king of Caria, Idrieus, dies, leaving the Persian satrapy, by his will, to his sister Ada, to whom he was married.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172872#Persian_Empire", "title": "344 BC", "revid": 1354172872, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The King of Persia, Artaxerxes III, personally leads the Persian forces invading Egypt. The Persians are keen to access Egypt's gold and corn supplies. The town of Pelusium in the Nile Delta puts up resistance, but Pharaoh Nectanebo II is forced to retreat to Memphis. As the situation deteriorates, Nectanebo II leaves for exile in Nubia. His departure marks the end of the 30th Dynasty, the last native house to rule Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Persian_Empire", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -339, "year_label": "340 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rhodes falls to Persian forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239354213#Persian_Empire", "title": "340 BC", "revid": 1239354213, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Persian general and vizier, the eunuch Bagoas, falls out of favour with King Artaxerxes III. Bagoas seeks to remain in office by replacing Artaxerxes with his youngest son Arses, whom he thinks will be easier to control. So Bagoas murders Artaxerxes III and all his sons, other than Arses, who is then placed on the throne by Bagoas. Artaxerxes IV Arses is little more than a puppet-king while Bagoas acts as the power behind the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Persian_Empire", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes III, king of Persia (murdered) (b. c. 425 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Deaths", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians. He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission. After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Macedonia", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him. Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Achaemenid_Empire", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Achaemenid Empire"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After conquering Thebes, Alexander demands the surrender of the mercenary commanders, Chares and Charidemus, among others. Chares escapes to the Troad while Charidemus is banished and flees to Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Greece", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Alexander wins a major victory against the Persians commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes, in the Battle of the Granicus near the Sea of Marmara. A large number of King Darius III's Greek mercenaries are massacred, but 2,000 survivors are sent back to Macedonia in chains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Macedonia", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -332, "year_label": "333 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Darius III of Persia executes Charidemus, a Greek mercenary leader living in exile in Persia, for criticising preparations taken for the Battle of Issus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361013620#Events", "title": "333 BC", "revid": 1361013620, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Darius III twice sends on horseback to Alexander letters of friendship. The second time he offers a large ransom for his family, the ceding of all of the Persian Empire west of the Euphrates River, and the hand of his daughter in return for an alliance. Alexander rejects both letters and marches into Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Persian_Empire", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander conquers Egypt from the Persians. The Egyptians welcome him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrenders. Alexander's conquest of Egypt completes his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Alexander is victorious in the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Alexander pursues the defeated Persian forces to Arbela, Darius moves his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Macedonia", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Darius III, king of Persia, was killed in Bactria (b. c. 380 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Deaths", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Alexander the Great defeats the Persians, led by satrap Ariobarzanes, at the Persian Gates. In this battle, Ariobarzan, supported by only 700 Persian Immortals, holds the vast Macedonian army of 17,000 men at bay for 30 days. At the end, his troops are surrounded by Alexander's army, because of a Persian shepherd, who leads it around the Persian defenses. However, instead of surrendering, Ariobarzan and his 700 Immortals fight to the last man. Some historians consider him to be the Leonidas of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -328, "year_label": "329 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Bactria, Bessus raises a national revolt in the eastern satrapies using the title of King Artaxerxes V of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356261159#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "329 BC", "revid": 1356261159, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "While at Susa, Alexander holds a feast to celebrate his capture of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers to have failed in their duties in his absence in India, particularly those who have plundered tombs and temples. Alexander continues his policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors. Over a third of his satraps are replaced and six are put to death. Three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who died in 326 BC), are accused of extortion and are arrested, tried and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia and conqueror of the Persian Empire died in Babylon (b. 356 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Deaths", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -321, "year_label": "322 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ariarathes I of Cappadocia, Achaemenid satrap, founder of the Iranian Ariarathid dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316405653#Deaths", "title": "322 BC", "revid": 1316405653, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -304, "year_label": "305 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus, former officer of Alexander the Great, considers himself emperor of Persia. He attempts to recover lands taken by Chandragupta that had been a part of Alexander's Empire. Seleucus establishes Seleucia on the Tigris River as his capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225162735#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "305 BC", "revid": 1225162735, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Labienus occupies Cilicia and marches, with an army, into Anatolia. Most cities surrender without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restore their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire. Labienus proclaims himself \"Parthian Emperor\" of Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Asia_minor", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor"}}]}