{"slug": "adolf-hitler", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352", "qid": "Q352", "description": "dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, main instigator of World War II (1889–1945)", "entries": 44, "years": 24, "span": [1889, 1970], "span_label": ["1889 CE", "1970 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "munich", "label": "Munich", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "wehrmacht", "label": "Wehrmacht", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nazi-germany", "label": "Nazi Germany", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "royal-navy", "label": "Royal Navy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "vienna", "label": "Vienna", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states-congress", "label": "United States Congress", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nazism", "label": "Nazism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "world-war-ii", "label": "World War II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "austria-hungary", "label": "Austria-Hungary", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "weimar-republic", "label": "Weimar Republic", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Birth of Adolf Hitler at Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary, the son of customs official Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#April", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Alois Hitler, Austrian civil servant, father of Adolf Hitler (b. 1837)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#January–June", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#May", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – In Germany, Adolf Hitler gives his first speech for the German Workers' Party (DAP).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#October", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist Program in Munich to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#February", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – After a speech by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus in Munich (Germany), members of the Sturmabteilung (\"brownshirts\") physically assault his opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#November", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Adolf Hitler is arrested for his leading role in the Beer Hall Putsch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#November–December", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day in one of several significant events on 9 November in German history. 20 people die as a result of associated violence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#November–December", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Adolf Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in Landsberg Prison in Germany for his participation in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch (he serves less than 9 months).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#April", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – In Germany, Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison after serving nine months for his crucial role in the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#December", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Adolf Hitler publishes Volume 1 of his personal manifesto Mein Kampf in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#July", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Formal foundation date of the Schutzstaffel (SS) as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#November", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 German presidential election.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#February", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – The politically powerful General Kurt von Schleicher meets secretly with Adolf Hitler. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming to bring down the Brüning government in Germany and asks for Nazi support of the new \"presidential government\" Schleicher is planning to form. Schleicher and Hitler negotiate a \"gentlemen's agreement\" where in exchange for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the Reichstag dissolved for early elections this summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher's new chancellor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#May", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Adolf Hitler gives his \"Proclamation to the German People\" in Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#February", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#January", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Gleichschaltung: The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler effectively the dictator of Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#March", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler prohibits trade unions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#May", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – The Wehrmacht swears a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#July–August", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet for the first time, at the Venice Biennale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#May–June", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, the Luftwaffe, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#February", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – Adolf Hitler announces German re-armament in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#March", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#May", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Treaties, Nazi Germany reoccupies the Rhineland. Hitler and other Nazis later admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373216494#March–April", "title": "1936", "revid": 1373216494, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – World War II: In the Reich Chancellery, Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring \"living space\" for the German people (recorded in the Hossbach Memorandum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#November", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, he dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is dismissed, and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#February", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – In a speech before the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler renounces the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#April", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – With his traditional call to the New Year in Nazi Germany, Führer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler addresses the members of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#January", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Adolf Hitler orders Plan Z, a 5-year naval expansion programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing the British Royal Navy by 1944. The Kriegsmarine is given the first priority on the allotment of German economic resources.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#January", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Adolf Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakia's independence, in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#March", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – WWII: In Munich, an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler is made by Georg Elser while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#November", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "The Reichstag passes a statement, stating that Adolf Hitler's second-in-command Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring should be appointed as Hitler's successor as Führer, should Hitler die during the war. Rudolf Hess is to be appointed in Göring's place, should anything befall Göring.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#September", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "Adolf Hitler makes a peace appeal (\"appeal to reason\") to Britain, in an address to the Reichstag. BBC German-language broadcaster Sefton Delmer unofficially rejects it at once and Lord Halifax, the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast reply on July 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#July", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress, and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – A decree (Normalschrifterlass) promulgated in Germany by Martin Bormann, on behalf of Adolf Hitler, requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – WWII: The Reichstag meets for the last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming Adolf Hitler the \"Supreme Judge of the German People\", granting him the power of life and death over every German citizen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#April", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: The situation for the German attackers of Stalingrad seems desperate during the Soviet counter-attack Operation Uranus, and General Friedrich Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram, saying that the German Sixth Army is surrounded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#November", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – WWII: Adolf Hitler survives the 20 July plot to assassinate him led by Claus von Stauffenberg; he and his fellow conspirators in this and Operation Valkyrie are executed the following day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#July", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – WWII: German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel commits forced suicide rather than face public disgrace and execution for allegedly conspiring against Adolf Hitler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#October", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – Adolf Hitler marries his longtime mistress Eva Braun, in a closed civil ceremony in the Berlin Führerbunker, and signs his last will and testament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Johann Georg Elser, would-be assassin of Adolf Hitler, is executed at Dachau concentration camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January", "text": "Adolf Hitler makes his last public speech, on broadcast radio, expressing the belief that Germany will triumph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#January", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Unity Mitford, British socialite; friend of Adolf Hitler (b. 1914)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#May", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Deaths › May"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – Fragments of burnt human remains believed to be those of Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, Joseph Goebbels, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children are crushed and scattered in the Biederitz river at a KGB center in Magdeburg, East Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#April", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › April"}}]}