{"slug": "adriatic-sea", "label": "Adriatic Sea", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13924", "qid": "Q13924", "description": "body of water between the Italian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula", "entries": 35, "years": 35, "span": [-230, 1752], "span_label": ["231 BCE", "1752 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "venice", "label": "Venice", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "istria", "label": "Istria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "bari", "label": "Bari", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "dalmatia", "label": "Dalmatia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "illyria", "label": "Illyria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "epirus", "label": "Epirus", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -230, "year_label": "231 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius II, king of Macedonia, seeks military help from Agron, king of Illyria, a loosely organized state on the Adriatic coast north of Epirus, against the advancing Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as the victor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276082373#Greece", "title": "231 BC", "revid": 1276082373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Roman_Republic", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes Dassaretis, Atintani and Parthini, and the town of Dimale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Illyria", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Brutus defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces of the siege of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic Sea is defeated near Curicta (Krk).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), blockades the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Emperor Diocletian abdicates and retires to his palace at Salona (modern Split) on the Adriatic coast, after a reign of nearly 21 years, in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Roman_Empire", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 511, "year_label": "511 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great assumes the regency over Amalaric, his grandson and future king of the Visigothic Kingdom - Theodoric now rules over territory stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740421#Europe", "title": "511", "revid": 1364740421, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Belisarius, still besieging Ravenna, negotiates a treaty with Theodebert I (whose forces are suffering from dysentery), and the Franks retreat to Gaul. The Byzantine fleet controls the Adriatic Sea and blockades the port of the capital from supplies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After the death of his cousin Germanus, Justinian I appoints Narses new supreme commander, and returns to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, he assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force totaling 20,000 or possibly 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius invites the Croats, a Slavic tribe living in Galicia, Silesia, and Bohemia, to settle in Illyricum. They are given the land between the Drava River and the Adriatic Sea for ridding of Avars. The Serbs are allowed to move from their homeland north of the Carpathians to a territory east of the Croats. Heraclius asks Pope Honorius I to send missionaries to both groups.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A revolt breaks out in Italy against Leo's Iconoclasm; this results in the independence of the Exarchate of Ravenna, after part of a Byzantine invasion force is lost in a storm in the Adriatic Sea, and the remainder of Byzantine troops are repulsed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Europe", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Pepin of Italy conquers Istria on the Adriatic, ignoring Byzantine protests. He establishes a tributary march, and sends missionaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Europe", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperors Nikephoros I and Charlemagne settle their imperial boundaries in the Adriatic Sea, and sign the Pax Nicephori (\"Peace of Nikephoros\"). The Byzantines retain control of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatian Croatia, while Frankish rule is accepted over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland. Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Venetian dukes change sides again, submitting to King Pepin, under the authority of his father Charlemagne, who then proceeds to take Venice. Emperor Nikephoros I sends a Byzantine fleet to Dalmatia, prompting Pepin to withdraw to the mainland. A legate is dispatched to Venice, where he deposes the turncoat dukes, before continuing on to Aachen, to negotiate a peace with Charlemagne. Charlemagne recognises Byzantine dominance over Venice and Dalmatia in the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The weather is so severe that the Adriatic Sea freezes, and Italy is covered in snow for 100 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Europe", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 869, "year_label": "869 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Basil I allies with the Frankish emperor Louis II against the Saracens. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 400 ships (according to the Annales Bertiniani), under the command of Admiral Niketas Ooryphas, to support Louis (who is besieging the city port of Bari) and to clear the south of the Adriatic Sea of Muslim raiders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369351830#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "869", "revid": 1369351830, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fall – An Arab fleet from Taranto sails up the Adriatic Sea and sacks Comacchio, putting it to flames. They attack Grado (bishopric of the Venetian Republic), but are repelled by the Venetians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Arabian_Empire", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "At the invitation of Benevento, the newly-restored Byzantine fleet appears in the waters off Otranto. On the orders of Emperor Basil I, the Byzantines sail up the Adriatic Sea and reconquer part of southern Italy. The city of Bari is occupied in the name of the Byzantine Empire. Instead of holding it for his 'ally' Adelchis of Benevento, Basil makes it the capital of the new Byzantine Theme of Longobardia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Slavic-Arab leader Sabir defeats a small Byzantine fleet and seizes Termoli (in Molise, on the Adriatic coast). He returns to Africa laden with booty and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Henry II divides his army into three columns and descends through Rome onto Capua after the Lombard states of Southern Italy had switched their allegiance to the Byzantinians in the wake of the battle of Cannae four years earlier. The bulk of the expeditionary force (20,000 men) led by Henry, makes its way down the Adriatic coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Europe", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Venetian treaty: Alexios I signs a trade and defence pact with Venice, in the form of an imperial Golden Bull. He grants the Venetians a commercial colony in Constantinople, as well as free trading and exemption from taxes, throughout the Byzantine Empire in return for their defense of the Adriatic Sea against the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August", "text": "August – Hugh (\"the Great\"), count of Vermandois (a brother of King Philip I), departs to join the First Crusade. He travels with a small army via the Alps to Rome. While sailing the Adriatic Sea from Bari to Dyrrachium his fleet is reduced by shipwreck. Hugh's own ship is stranded on the shore near Epirus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Bohemond I begins the siege of the Adriatic port city of Dyrrhachium held by its doux Alexios Komnenos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Europe", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Béla III of Hungary and Croatia goes to war with Venice in an effort to recover Dalmatia. The city of Zadar (located on the Adriatic Sea) accepts Béla's suzerainty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Europe", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Crusader army, encamped on the island of San Niccolo di Lido, between the Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea, is threatened by Doge Enrico Dandolo to keep them interned unless full payment is made as agreed in 1201. As the Crusaders wait on the Lido for men to arrive, they also use up food supplies that Venice has agreed to supply. Dandolo faces a financial catastrophe, having halted Venice's commerce for a year to prepare the expedition. The Crusader lords can offer Dandolo only 51,000 silver marks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Stephen II becomes ruler (ban) of Bosnia following the death of his father Stephen I Kotromanić. He rules the lands from the river Sava to the Adriatic Sea, but does not effectively come into full power until 1322.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#Undated", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1325, "year_label": "1325 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The Istrian Demarcation, setting out the boundaries of disputed Italian territories in the Adriatic Sea peninsula of Istria (part of the modern-day Republic of Croatia), and confirms the agreement between the independent Italian states of Aquileia, Gorizia, and the Venetian Republic. The document is published in three languages (Latin, German and Croatian).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366485647#April_–_June", "title": "1325", "revid": 1366485647, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The Battle of Pola is fought in the Adriatic Sea between the navies of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice. The Venetian fleet, commanded by Admiral Vettor Pisani loses 19 of its 25 galleys in the battle, but Genoese Admiral Luciano Doria is killed in the battle. One of Doria's lieutenants conceals the admiral's death from the rest of the sailors by donning the admiral's clothes. Admiral Pisani is put in prison upon his return to Venice, but later released when Genoa invades in the Battle of Chioggia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#April–June", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The Republic of Venice, led by the Doge Michele Steno, gains control of both sides of the Adriatic Sea by purchasing the Dalmatian coast (bordered in modern times by Slovenia and Croatia) from King Ladislaus the Magnanimous, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples for 100,000 ducats, or 350 kilograms of gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#July–September", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Sandalj Hranić, Duke of Bosnia, sells the Croatian coastal town of Ostrovica to the Republic of Venice, giving the Venetians further control of the Dalmatian Coast and both sides of the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#April–June", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1420, "year_label": "1420 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Admiral Pietro Loredan of the Republic of Venice is assigned to carry out the conquest of Dalmatia (later part of Croatia) across the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937924#January–March", "title": "1420", "revid": 1365937924, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – In a battle on Lake Garda in Italy, a passage to the Adriatic Sea, ships from the Duchy of Milan defeat those of the Republic of Venice in battle and take control of the lake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#April–June", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1497, "year_label": "1497 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Captain Andrea Loredan of the Republic of Venice departs southward on the Adriatic Sea on a large, heavily-armed warship with a crew of 450, with a mission of locating the Spanish Navarrese pirate Pedro Navarro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372862240#April–June", "title": "1497", "revid": 1372862240, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The electors of the Republic of Venice (which includes not only a large part of northern Italy around the city of Venice, but portions of Eastern Europe along the Adriatic Sea) elect Francesco Loredan as their new executive, the Doge. Loredan's election comes 11 days after the death of the previous Doge, Pietro Grimani, but is not announced until after Easter Sunday.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#January–March", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}