{"slug": "africa-roman-province", "label": "Africa (Roman province)", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_%28Roman_province%29", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181238", "qid": "Q181238", "description": "Roman province on the northern African coast covering parts of present-day Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya", "entries": 34, "years": 33, "span": [-41, 610], "span_label": ["42 BCE", "610 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "genseric", "label": "Genseric", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "western-roman-empire", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mauretania", "label": "Mauretania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hispania", "label": "Hispania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gratian", "label": "Gratian", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In Sicily, Sextus Pompeius leads the naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea against the triumvirs. He blockades the grain routes from Spain and Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 17, "year_label": "17 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army, begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the Limes Tripolitanus, a fortified zone (limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Africa", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 17 AD › Africa"}}, {"year": 60, "year_label": "60 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of the province of Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372200754#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 60", "revid": 1372200754, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 63, "year_label": "63 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Vespasian becomes governor of Africa (estimated year).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182489#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 63", "revid": 1330182489, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with the 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 84, "year_label": "84 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province of Africa, but he declines it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506467#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 84", "revid": 1371506467, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 188, "year_label": "188 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes pro-consul of Africa from 188 to 189.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309114#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 188", "revid": 1371309114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 202, "year_label": "202 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Severus launches a campaign in Africa; Legio III Augusta under Quintus Anicius Faustus fights a guerrilla war against the Garamantes along the Limes Tripolitanus. They capture several settlements such as Cydamus, Gholaia and their capital Garama, 600 km south of Lepcis Magna. The province of Numidia is enlarged: the Romans annex Castellum Dimmidi, Gemellae and Vescera.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367880704#Roman_Empire", "title": "202", "revid": 1367880704, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 203, "year_label": "203 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium, and expands the southern frontier of Africa, with the metropolis Carthage re-fortified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189154#Roman_Empire", "title": "203", "revid": 1371189154, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 204, "year_label": "204 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "A trade recession in the Leptis Magna region (Africa) is alleviated by Emperor Septimius Severus, who buys up the country's olive oil for free distribution in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262644787#Commerce", "title": "204", "revid": 1262644787, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 238, "year_label": "238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. March – Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus. The elderly Gordian yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old son Gordian II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227244#Roman_Empire", "title": "238", "revid": 1371227244, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 240, "year_label": "240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189859#Roman_Empire", "title": "240", "revid": 1371189859, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 253, "year_label": "253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valerian reforms Legio III Augusta to fight the \"five peoples\", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188254#Roman_Empire", "title": "253", "revid": 1371188254, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Africa, the Berbers massacre Roman colonists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 308, "year_label": "308 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The overthrow of Maximian prompts the soldiers of Roman Africa to prop up the vicarius of Africa, Domitius Alexander, as a usurper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171358#Roman_Empire", "title": "308", "revid": 1330171358, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 375, "year_label": "375 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gratian, age 16, takes over the government at Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), but ministers wishing to retain the loyalty of the Illyrian army fear a usurper. They proclaim Valentinian's 4-year-old son Valentinian II co-emperor with his mother, Justina, as regent. Gratian reserves for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, and hands over Italy, Illyrium, Hispania and Africa to his stepmother, who makes Mediolanum (Milan) her residence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205031#Roman_Empire", "title": "375", "revid": 1349205031, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 383, "year_label": "383 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Emperor Gratian, age 24, is assassinated at Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon), leaving a young widow Laeta. Pannonia and Africa maintain their allegiance to co-emperor Valentinian II, now 12, whose mother, Justina, rules in his name.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205021#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 383", "revid": 1349205021, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (comes) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Roman_Empire", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gildo, Moorish prince and comes Africae (governor)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Deaths", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 401, "year_label": "401 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Piracy is committed by slave-traders from Galatia (Anatolia), along the coasts of Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334186664#Roman_Empire", "title": "401", "revid": 1334186664, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 405, "year_label": "405 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In the Roman province of Africa, Augustine of Hippo opposes Donatism as a heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640804#Religion", "title": "405", "revid": 1367640804, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 410, "year_label": "410 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroys his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drown. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who becomes king of the Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642022#Roman_Empire", "title": "410", "revid": 1367642022, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bonifacius, Roman general and governor in Africa (born 354 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Deaths", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals in North Africa defeat the Roman general Aspar and force him to withdraw. He serves as consul at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Africa", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals use Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) as a port for their expeditions. Genseric establishes a merchant fleet to transport goods between Africa and the Italian mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Africa", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vandal War (439-442): King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Africa", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the Vandal War (439-442): Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with King Genseric, and recognises the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations; they settle in North Africa, with Carthage as their capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Africa", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Zeno recognizes the full extent of the Vandal Kingdom, including all of western Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. King Gaiseric gives Sicily, with the exception of the city of Lilybaeum, to Odoacer in return for tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 477, "year_label": "477 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Genseric, ruler of the Vandal Kingdom, dies a natural death at Carthage, and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea with his Vandal fleet, and rescinds his father's policy of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739274#Africa", "title": "477", "revid": 1364739274, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails in 500 transports, escorted by 92 war vessels (dromons), manned by 20,000 seamen from Constantinople, to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. The fleet carries 10,000 infantry, about half Byzantine and half foederati, and 5,000 cavalry, consisting of 3,000 Byzantine horsemen, 1,000 foreign allies (Huns and Heruli) and 1,500 of Belisarius' retainers (bucellarii). On the flagship Belisarius is accompanied by his military secretary Procopius, and his wife Antonina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as magister militum to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of comitatenses (mostly cavalry) and an elite guard. Solomon, the previous magister militum, returns to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Eastern_Roman_(\"Byzantine\")_Empire", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Roman (\"Byzantine\") Empire"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Heraclian revolt: Heraclius arrives with a fleet from Africa at Constantinople. Assisted by an uprising in the capital, he overthrows and personally beheads Emperor Phocas. Heraclius gains the throne with help from his father Heraclius the Elder. His first major act is to change the official language of the Byzantine Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}