{"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123559", "qid": "Q123559", "description": "Muslim-ruled territories of the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492), encompassing various Islamic states; at its greatest extent occupied most of the peninsula before shrinking through the Reconquista to the Emirate of Granada", "entries": 78, "years": 77, "span": [712, 1492], "span_label": ["712 CE", "1492 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 47}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 34}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "emirate-of-cordoba", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "caliphate-of-cordoba", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "almanzor", "label": "Almanzor", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "almoravid-dynasty", "label": "Almoravid dynasty", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "seville", "label": "Seville", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "cordoba-spain", "label": "Córdoba, Spain", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "wali-administrative-title", "label": "Wali (administrative title)", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he meets stiff resistance after 3-months of siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Arabian_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 713, "year_label": "713 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: The Visigothic Kingdom is finally defeated at the Battle of Segoyuela (Castile and León). Prince Theudimer signs the Treaty of Orihuela with Abd al-Aziz, governor of Al-Andalus, and is permitted to retain his authority in the area subsequently known as Tudmir. He keeps the citadel of Orihuela and several other settlements, including Alicante and Lorca on the Mediterranean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807131#Arabian_Empire", "title": "713", "revid": 1340807131, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Continuing campaigns of Muslim domination of the Iberian Peninsula. Arab forces raid the valley of the Ebro River, and capture the fortress city of Zaragoza. Musa ibn Nusayr is made protector (wali) of Al-Andalus, with his capital at Seville (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), is assassinated on order of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. He is succeeded by his cousin Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, who becomes interim \"protector\" (wali) for 6 months, and moves the capital to Córdoba, until replaced by Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Arabian_Empire", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 721, "year_label": "721 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi is appointed governor of Al-Andalus, after the death of Al-Samh. The Muslims under Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi withdraw to Narbonne. The Visigothic duke Amrus of the Lerida area recognises Umayyad rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808636#Europe", "title": "721", "revid": 1340808636, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (governor of Al-Andalus) capture the fortified town of Carcassonne, which has been under siege (see 720), as well as Nîmes in Septimania (the latter without resistance).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the River Garonne: A Umayyad Muslim army (40,000 men) under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus, crosses the Pyrenees through the Roncesvalles Pass and raids widely, ravaging the cities of Oloron, Lescar and Bayonne, and burning the abbey of Saint-Sever. Umayyad forces destroy the monastery of Saint-Émilion, and defeat the 'Count of Libourne'. Abdul Rahman sacks and captures Bordeaux, and nearly wipes out the army of Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, at the Garonne River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Deaths", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Europe", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 734, "year_label": "734 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809669#Europe", "title": "734", "revid": 1340809669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 735, "year_label": "735 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of al-Sakhra: Moors under Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj (governor of Al-Andalus) besiege Pelagius, king of Asturias, in the uppermost Northern mountain ranges in Iberia. The battle ends inconclusively, with Pelagius surviving, but 270 out of his 300 followers are killed (at least according to a Muslim chronicle from the 11th century).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809672#Europe", "title": "735", "revid": 1340809672, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the River Berre: Frankish forces sent by Charles Martel intercept a large Muslim army sent from Al-Andalus, (modern Spain) sent by Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj to relieve the siege of Narbonne. Both sides suffer heavy losses at the battlefield near the mouth of the River Berre (a short distance south of Narbonne). Some of the Muslims rush back to their ships, and some penetrate through the Frankish forces and make it to the city, effectively saving it from the Franks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Europe", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Africa", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arab forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, suppress the Berber rebellion in the region of Mértola (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Europe", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Battle of the Zab: Abbasid forces under Abdallah ibn Ali defeat the Umayyads near the Great Zab River. Members of the Umayyad house are hunted down and killed. Defeated by his rivals, Caliph Marwan II flees westward to Egypt, perhaps attempting to reach Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), where there are still significant Umayyad armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#Arab_Caliphate", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › Arab Caliphate"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Narbonne: The Franks under King Pepin III (\"the Short\") retake Narbonne from the Muslims, after a 7-year siege. He pushes them back across the Pyrenees, and the Muslims retreat to the Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation. The government of the city is assigned to the Visigothic count Miló.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Europe", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In 763 Al-Mansur sent his troops to conquer Al-Andalus for the Abbasid empire. But the ruler Abd al-Rahman I successfully defended his territory. Al-Mansur withdrew and thereafter focused his troops on holding the eastern part of his empire on lands that were once part of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 784, "year_label": "784 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (Al-Andalus), begins the construction of the Prayer Hall of the Great Mosque of Córdoba. He uses the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace, and names it in honour of his wife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848263#Arabian_Empire", "title": "784", "revid": 1340848263, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 795, "year_label": "795 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848647#Europe", "title": "795", "revid": 1340848647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 798, "year_label": "798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso II of Asturias campaigns against the Arab Muslims in Al-Andalus. With Frankish military support, he raids into Andalusia and sacks Lisbon (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848766#Iberia", "title": "798", "revid": 1340848766, "section": "Events › By place › Iberia"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: Saragossa rises against the Emirate of Córdoba. Emir Al-Hakam I sends a Muslim army under General Amrus ibn Yusuf, and retakes the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Europe", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 807, "year_label": "807 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus (modern Spain): An uprising occurs in the city of Mérida against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342124762#Europe", "title": "807", "revid": 1342124762, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus (modern Spain): The city of Mérida rises up against the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Europe", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 818, "year_label": "818 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: A grave rebellion breaks out in the suburbs of Cordoba, against the Emirate of Córdoba. Andalucian Arab refugees arrive in Fez (modern Morocco).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941123#Europe", "title": "818", "revid": 1340941123, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 822, "year_label": "822 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Abd al-Rahman II, who begins a military campaign against King Alfonso II of Asturias in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074664#Al-Andalus", "title": "822", "revid": 1267074664, "section": "Events › By place › Al-Andalus"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Merida (modern Spain) rises twice in one year against the Umayyad Emirate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Europe", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Muslim reinforcements from Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus (modern Spain) defeat Byzantine forces under Theodotus in Sicily, but a plague once again compels them to retreat to Mazara del Vallo, and evacuate to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Zaragossa rises against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in modern-day Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Arabian_Empire", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mozarabs, Iberian Christians who live under Moorish rule, try to repopulate León in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). The city is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Europe", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 868, "year_label": "868 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Mérida rises against the Umayyad rule. Emir Muhammad I regains control, and has the walls of the city destroyed. He supports the rival creation of Badajoz in retaliation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358169430#Europe", "title": "868", "revid": 1358169430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Toledo (modern Spain) rises up for a second time against Umayyad rule, due to ethnic tensions over two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Europe", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 887, "year_label": "887 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Toledo rises against the Umayyad Dynasty, in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370364971#Al-Andalus", "title": "887", "revid": 1370364971, "section": "Events › By place › Al-Andalus"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A ship carrying about twenty Arab freebooters, from Pechina in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), sets anchor in the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They establish a fortified base at Fraxinet (modern-day La Garde-Freinet). After raiding the surrounding area, the Muslim colony is bolstered by contingents of Saracen adventurers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 891, "year_label": "891 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim forces led by Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, defeat the rebel leader Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley, in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072819#Emirate_of_Córdoba", "title": "891", "revid": 1267072819, "section": "Events › By place › Emirate of Córdoba"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian Christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Battle of Zamora: In Al-Andalus, Ibn al-Qitt and Abū Naṣr ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Alī al-Sarrāj call for a small jihad, but are defeated by King Alfonso III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Europe", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Abd al-Rahman III succeeds his grandfather Abdullah ibn Muhammad (after his execution) and becomes emir of Córdoba (Al-Andalus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Arabian_Empire", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "In Al-Andalus a drought leads to a terrible famine in the Iberian Peninsula, which continues in 915. In his centralization effort, the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman III, reconquers Seville from the Banu Hajjaj clan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Europe", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Córdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Yazid, a Kharijite Berber leader, launches a rebellion in the Aurès Mountains (modern Algeria) against the Fatamids, seeking aid from the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Africa", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III dies after a 32-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Hakam II as ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Europe", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers and razes the city of Zamora, as part of his effort to seize the Christian-dominated north of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Europe", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The city of Barcelona is sacked by Moorish troops under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus (modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Europe", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer: Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, continues his effort in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and plunders the city of Coimbra (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Europe", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 987, "year_label": "987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, occupies the city of Coimbra (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468366#Europe", "title": "987", "revid": 1364468366, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Almanzor (Al-Mansur), de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, continues his offensive against the kingdoms of León and Castile. King Bermudo II escapes to Zamora; the city resists for four days, but is finally sacked and captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Europe", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, Chancellor and effective ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers the Castle of Montemor-o-Velho (modern Portugal), expanding the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Europe", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 997, "year_label": "997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, assaults and partially destroys the city of Santiago de Compostela. He is accompanied in his raid by Christian Portuguese lords, who all receive a share of the booty. On their way, they sack the cities of Zamora and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468397#Europe", "title": "997", "revid": 1364468397, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Battle of Calatañazor: Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile, defeat the invading Saracens under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sulayman ibn al-Hakam reconquers the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and deposes Hisham II. Sulayman becomes the fifth Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (until 1016).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Europe", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur, a grandson of the prominent Andalusian figure Almanzor begins his rule in Taifa of Valencia, a Moorish kingdom in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), ushering in a period of relative stability and prosperity that will last until 1061. Taifa of Valencia gained its independence from the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1010.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Judge-Governor of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) takes advantage of the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#Europe", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Al-Andalus, benefiting from the weakening of the Muslim central authority, the count of Portugal, Gonçalo Maia, conquers Montemor-o-Velho (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Europe", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1042, "year_label": "1042 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Abbad I dies after a 19-year reign as independent ruler of the Taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He is succeeded by his son Abbad II (until 1069).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130047#Europe", "title": "1042", "revid": 1350130047, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Pisa successfully completes the conquest of Sardinia, from the Andalusian occupiers. [Dubious claim; since Sardinia was already governed by the Giudici by this time]", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Europe", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1069, "year_label": "1069 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – King Abbad II al-Mu'tadid dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, who becomes the ruler of the Taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus (until 1091).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243049384#Europe", "title": "1069", "revid": 1243049384, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1088, "year_label": "1088 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Almoravid forces (supported with fighters from local Andalusian provinces), under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besiege Aledo, but are forced to retreat, by the arrival of Spanish troops of King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365263990#Europe", "title": "1088", "revid": 1365263990, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1090, "year_label": "1090 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A third Almoravid expedition is launched in Al-Andalus, designed to finally subdue the Taifa's Kingdoms. The cities of Córdoba, Seville, Granada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154341#Europe", "title": "1090", "revid": 1362154341, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Abbadid dynasty ruling in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) falls when Almoravid forces storm Seville. Confronted with this threat, Emir Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas of Badajoz obtains the support of King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") of Castile, in exchange for the Moorish positions on the river Tagus (Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Europe", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Europe", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Peter I of Aragon conquers Huesca from the Moors of the Taifa of Zaragoza. He expands his domains to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus (modern Spain). The capital is moved from Jaca to Huesca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#Europe", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Almoravid forces launch a new campaign in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of the Almoravid Empire, is honored with the title of Amir al Muslimin (\"Commander of the Muslims\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#Europe", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, declares a Crusade in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#Religion", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1133, "year_label": "1133 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, launches a raid against Almoravid-held territories in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and pillages the country all the way to Cádiz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156605#Europe", "title": "1133", "revid": 1362156605, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain); a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1162, "year_label": "1162 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He dies the following year, before the fleet is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184511#Africa", "title": "1162", "revid": 1369184511, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1199, "year_label": "1199 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur dies at Marrakesh after a 15-year reign in which he has defeated the Castilian forces of King Alfonso VIII (the noble) (see 1195) and other Christian enemies in Al-Andalus. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad al-Nasir as ruler of the Almohad Caliphate (until 1213).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187159#Africa", "title": "1199", "revid": 1369187159, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February", "text": "February – King Ferdinand III (the Saint) announces his intention to resume the Reconquista against the realm of the Almohad Caliphate. Caliph Yusuf II al-Mustansir dies and is succeeded by Abu Muhammad al-Wahid, but in Al-Andalus, two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil in Seville and Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi in Córdoba. The chronic political instability on the Almohad site allows Ferdinand to begin his campaign victoriously in October, with the capture of Quesada in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#January_–_March", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – Muhammad I is elected as ruler of the Taifa of Arjona. He revolts against Ibn Hud, the independent ruler of Al-Andalus, and takes control of the city, beginning the foundation of the Nasrid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#Europe", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista – King Sancho II of Portugal (\"the Pious\") conquers the city of Ayamonte from the Almoravids, securing the Portuguese position in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Europe", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Siege of Jaén: Castilian forces, led by King Ferdinand III (the Saint), manage to take the city of Jaén from the Andalucians. In a combined assault with the knights of the Order of Santiago, the city is handed over by Sultan Muhammad I, who accepts Ferdinand's overlordship in exchange for a 20-year truce. The Emirate of Granada becomes a vassal state of the Kingdom of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Europe", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – Reconquista: Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to North Africa and others travel to Granada in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Europe", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Afonso III of Portugal (\"the Boulonnais\") recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Almohads, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal. The Almohads also lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq and Muhammad II, ruler of Granada, agree to a truce with King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\") for two years. Before Abu Yusuf leaves, Muhammad's secretary addresses a poem to Abu Yusuf, expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for Marinid's continued support. Later, Abu Yusuf lands at Alcázar Seguir on January 19. This ending the first Marinid invasion in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Europe", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1288, "year_label": "1288 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Sultan Muhammad II drives the rebellious Banu Ashqilula from one stronghold to the next, where they are finally expelled from Granadan territory in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Meanwhile, Muhammad manages through diplomatic intrigue, to turn the Castilian aristocracy against King Sancho IV. In response, King Alfonso III proclaims the 18-year-old Alfonso de la Cerda as ruler of Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964096#Europe", "title": "1288", "revid": 1367964096, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Nasrid princes of Al-Andalus replace Abu al-Abbas with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#Unknown_Date", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › Unknown Date"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Fall of Granada: Muhammad XI, the last Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) after a lengthy siege, ending the ten-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, and bringing an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#January—March", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › January—March"}}]}