{"slug": "albania", "label": "Albania", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222", "qid": "Q222", "description": "country in southeastern Europe", "entries": 39, "years": 36, "span": [-626, 2021], "span_label": ["627 BCE", "2021 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "durres", "label": "Durrës", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "republic-of-ragusa", "label": "Republic of Ragusa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "corfu", "label": "Corfu", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "skanderbeg", "label": "Skanderbeg", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "macedonia-region", "label": "Macedonia (region)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nato", "label": "NATO", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "epirus", "label": "Epirus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "montenegro", "label": "Montenegro", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -626, "year_label": "627 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Traditional date for the foundation of Epidamnus by Corinth, today Durrës in Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510220#Events", "title": "627 BC", "revid": 1370510220, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -197, "year_label": "198 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the Battle of the Aous, near modern Tepelenë in Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698641#Roman_Republic", "title": "198 BC", "revid": 1352698641, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -47, "year_label": "48 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Siege of Oricum: Julius Caesar captures the strategic city port of Oricum in Epirus (modern Albania). The garrison opens the town's gate and Lucius Manlius Torquatus surrenders to Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300612578#Roman_Republic", "title": "48 BC", "revid": 1300612578, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) is forced to sign a peace treaty with Simeon I, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire. All Slavic-inhabited lands of Macedonia and southern Albania are ceded to the Bulgarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Croatian–Bulgarian War: Emperor Samuel launches a military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia to prevent an alliance between the Serbian principality and the Byzantines. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day Durrës in Albania) and advances along the Dalmatian coast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina), after the Siege of Zadar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Europe", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1081, "year_label": "1081 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May – A Norman fleet of 150 ships (including 60 horse transports), led by Duke Robert Guiscard, sets off towards the Dalmatian coast. An army of 15,000 men (including about 1,300 Norman knights) sails to the city of Avalona (modern Albania); they are joined by several ships from Ragusa, a republic in the Balkans who are enemies of the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312347020#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1081", "revid": 1312347020, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1084, "year_label": "1084 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Robert Guiscard returns with 150 warships in Illyria (modern Albania), and occupies Corfu and Kefalonia with the support of Ragusa and the Dalmatian city-states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072083#Europe", "title": "1084", "revid": 1267072083, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, lands with his army (some 34,000 men) in Epirus near Avlona. He plunders the countryside and marches to Dyrrhachium (modern Albania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Europe", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – The Crusader army evacuates Zara (modern Zadar) and sets sail to Corfu; Boniface of Montferrat and Doge Enrico Dandolo stay behind to await Prince Alexios Angelos. After a brief pause at Durrës (modern Albania), the fleet reaches Corfu. Meanwhile, news of its approach (through spies) has reached Emperor Alexios III Angelos at Constantinople. He gives order to strengthen the city walls and the fortifications.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ivan Asen II becomes ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, during his reign he will add Epirus, as well as parts of Albania and Macedonia to his realm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Europe", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1326, "year_label": "1326 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – At Dagnum (a former city in modern-day Albania), a peace treaty is signed between Venetian merchants of Ragusa and King Stefan Dečanski of Serbia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367237136#January_–_March", "title": "1326", "revid": 1367237136, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Balša II of Zeta conquers Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#Date_unknown", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1413, "year_label": "1413 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The First Scutari War between the Kingdom of Zeta (part of modern-day Albania and Montenegro) and the Venetian Republic comes to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357114633#January–March", "title": "1413", "revid": 1357114633, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – The Second Scutari War between the Republic of Venice and the Serbian Despotate is formally ended by the signing of a treaty at the then Serbian city of Vushtrri in what is now Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#April–June", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberate Krujë, in Middle Albania, and raise the Albanian flag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#October–December", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Battle of Niš: John Hunyadi and the army of the Crusade of Varna defeat three armies of the Ottoman Empire, and capture the city of Niš in modern-day Serbia; Skanderbeg deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#October–December", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Skanderbeg, ruler of Albania, reaches a three-year peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#April–June", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1463, "year_label": "1463 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – The Republic of Venice renews its 1448 peace treaty with Albania, pledging that any treaty between Venice and the Ottoman Empire will include a guarantee of Albanian independence. The amended treaty also guarantees the presence of Venetian Navy ships in the Adriatic Sea to protect Albania, as well as the right to asylum in Venice for Albanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359850172#July–September", "title": "1463", "revid": 1359850172, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1467, "year_label": "1467 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Third Siege of Krujë: A few months after the failure of the second siege, Mehmed II leads another unsuccessful Ottoman invasion of Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890331#Date_unknown", "title": "1467", "revid": 1352890331, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1474, "year_label": "1474 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – The siege of Shkodra by the Ottoman Empire ends when the city is freed by a combined army of 25,000 troops from the Republic of Venice commanded by Antonio Loredan, supplemented by the Principality of Zeta and Albanian resistance forces. Nearly all of the 8,000 Ottoman troops commanded by Hadım Suleiman Pasha are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364765261#July–September", "title": "1474", "revid": 1364765261, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – The Fourth Siege of Krujë comes to an end as the Albanian city surrenders to the Ottoman Empire, which had prevented food and supplies from reaching the town for a year. After the surrender, made on a promise that the occupants would be allowed to leave, most of the men in Krujë are killed and the women and children taken away to be sold as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#April–June", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The League of Prizren is officially founded \"to struggle in arms to defend the wholeness of the territories of Albania\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#June", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#May", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#July", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Islamic Bektashi Order lodges in Turkey are closed down by order of the country's President, Atatürk, and the leadership moves to Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#Date_unknown", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Albanian missionary sister Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as Mother Teresa, arrives in Calcutta from Ireland to begin her work in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#January", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The first issue of Fashizmi is published in Tirana, Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#May", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Albanian fascist leader Tefik Mborja is appointed as member of the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#May", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Albanian Subversion: First Anglo-American attempt to infiltrate guerillas into Albania; the operation is fatally flawed, by being under the control of double agent Kim Philby.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#October", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Albania–Soviet relations: The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#December", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Albania is officially declared an atheist state by its leader, Enver Hoxha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#Date_unknown", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Albania officially withdraws from the Warsaw Pact upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since 1962.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#September–October", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – 1979 Montenegro earthquake: A 6.9 shock affects Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia) and parts of Albania, causing extensive damage to coastal areas and taking 136 lives; the old town of Budva is devastated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#April", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Albania holds its first multi-party elections since 1923. The socialist ruling Party of Labour of Albania won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#March", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April", "text": "Pope John Paul II makes an official visit to Albania, accompanied by Mother Teresa. He counsels Albanian Catholics against supporting nationalist violence in Kosovo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#April", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Albanian President Sali Berisha urges the United States and NATO to take action to prevent Serbian ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#May", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Muhannad Ibrahim is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#May", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Albania and Croatia join NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#April", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Albania holds parliamentary elections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#April", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › April"}}]}