{"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41183", "qid": "Q41183", "description": "city in Aleppo Governorate, Syria", "entries": 64, "years": 61, "span": [637, 2024], "span_label": ["637 CE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 39}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 12}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "hamdanid-dynasty", "label": "Hamdanid dynasty", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "nur-al-din-zengi", "label": "Nur al-Din Zengi", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "sayf-al-dawla", "label": "Sayf al-Dawla", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "principality-of-antioch", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "orontes-river", "label": "Orontes River", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "county-of-edessa", "label": "County of Edessa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Siege of Aleppo: Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer the Byzantine stronghold Aleppo; the large walled city surrenders after a four-month siege. A column of troops under Malik al-Ashtar is sent to take Azaz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Caliph Umar II is poisoned by a servant, and dies in Aleppo (Syria) after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Yazid II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Arabian_Empire", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Byzantine forces are defeated by Sayf al-Dawla. He captures the city of Aleppo, and extends his control over the Al-Jazira–Upper Mesopotamia region. Al-Dawla's rule is recognized by the Ikhshidids. With the recovery of Edessa, the Greeks also obtain the fabled Image of Edessa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Sayf al-Dawla is defeated by Muslim forces under Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid near Qinnasrin. He is forced to abandon his Syrian domains and flees to Raqqa. In October the two men come to an agreement, which recognizes Hamdanid rule over northern Syria, founding the Emirate of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Arabian_Empire", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 952, "year_label": "952 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sa'd al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (d. 991)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512696#Births", "title": "952", "revid": 1341512696, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marash: Emir Sayf al-Dawla marches north into the Byzantine Empire and ravages the countryside of Malatya (modern Turkey). On his way back, he crosses the Euphrates and intercepts a Byzantine army led by Bardas Phokas (the Elder), near Marash. The Byzantines are defeated; Bardas himself barely escapes through the intervention of his attendants. His son Constantine Phokas, governor of Seleucia, is captured and held prisoner in Aleppo, until his death from an illness some time later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Arab–Byzantine wars – Sack of Aleppo: A Byzantine expeditionary force under General Nikephoros Phokas invades northern Syria, and sacks Aleppo, capital of the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. In late December Aleppo is taken by storm, with the population killed or enslaved; the city is razed. The Byzantine army takes possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels and 1,400 mules.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 977, "year_label": "977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Sa'd al-Dawla recovers his capital, Aleppo, from the ghulam Bakjur, who receives the governorship of Homs as compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908323#Arabian_Empire", "title": "977", "revid": 1341908323, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Fatimid troops under the defecting Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, attack Aleppo (modern Syria), but are repulsed through the intervention of the Byzantine army. Bardas Phokas (the Younger) sacks the city, while Bakjur flees to Fatimid territory in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Arabian_Empire", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Asia › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sa'id al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (Syria)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Deaths", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1009, "year_label": "1009 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir, emir of Aleppo (Syria)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910037#Deaths", "title": "1009", "revid": 1341910037, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1016, "year_label": "1016 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Fath al-Qal'i, governor of the Citadel of Aleppo, revolts against Emir Mansur ibn Lu'lu', forcing him to flee. Fath accepts an agreement with Salih ibn Mirdas and takes control of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261531#Arabian_Empire", "title": "1016", "revid": 1365261531, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aziz al-Dawla, Fatimid governor of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Deaths", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Salih ibn Mirdas's forces, led by Ibn Tawq, advance against Aleppo and fight sporadic engagements with the Fatimid troops of governors Thu'ban and Mawsuf. Salih and the Bedouins camp outside of Bab al-Jinan and demand surrender from the lead Islamic judge of the city, Ibn Abi Usama, and are refused.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#October—December", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Romanos III Argyros decides to retaliate upon the incursions of the Muslims on the eastern frontier. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force (20,000 men) to secure Antioch. The Mirdasid emir Shibl al-Dawla Nasr of Aleppo sues for peace, but Romanos refuses to negotiate and leads his army against Aleppo, against the advice of his generals. The Byzantine army encamped near Azaz, where they were encircled by the Mirdasids' Bedouin troops, who cut off the Byzantines from food and water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1038, "year_label": "1038 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Shibl al-Dawla Nasr, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129769#Deaths", "title": "1038", "revid": 1350129769, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1042, "year_label": "1042 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Anushtakin al-Dizbari, Fatimid governor of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130047#Deaths", "title": "1042", "revid": 1350130047, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 — The Mirdasids under Mahmud ibn Nasr defeat the Fatimid Caliphate's army under Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, leading to the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Middle_East", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1062, "year_label": "1062 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361243522#Deaths", "title": "1062", "revid": 1361243522, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid governor of Syria, tries to engineer a pro-Fatimid coup in Aleppo; but the rebellion is suppressed by Musa Yabgu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1068, "year_label": "1068 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks, leading a Byzantine expeditionary force (which is in poor condition). He is successful in recapturing the fortress city of Hieropolis (modern-day Manbij) near Aleppo in northern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372127712#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1068", "revid": 1372127712, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1076, "year_label": "1076 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Nasr ibn Mahmud, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362789427#Deaths", "title": "1076", "revid": 1362789427, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tutush I, Seljuk emir of Damascus and Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Deaths", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – Battle of Harenc: The Crusaders under the command of Bohemond I and Robert II defeat Seljuk forces from Aleppo, which try to relieve besieged Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#First_Crusade", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1098, "year_label": "1098 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Battle of the Lake of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I defeat a Seljuk relief force (some 12,000 men) led by Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan of Aleppo. Bohemond gathers 700 knights, and marches in the night to ambush the Seljuk Turks at the Lake of Antioch (modern Turkey). After several successful cavalry charges the Crusaders rout the Seljuk army, forcing Radwan to retreat back to Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163181#First_Crusade", "title": "1098", "revid": 1362163181, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Levant", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1103, "year_label": "1103 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Crusaders led by Bohemond I and Joscelin of Courtenay raid the territory of Aleppo to gain supplies. They capture the town of Muslimiyah, and extract a large tribute. Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo, agrees to pay 7,000 gold pieces and ten horses to the Crusaders while Bohemond agrees to release all Seljuk prisoners captured at Muslimiyah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265973#Levant", "title": "1103", "revid": 1365265973, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Crusaders, led by Bohemond I, re-invade the territory of Aleppo, and try to capture the town of Kafar Latha. The attack fails, owing to the resistance of the local Banu tribe. Meanwhile, Joscelin of Courtenay cuts the communications between Aleppo and the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Levant", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Battle of Artah: The Crusaders under Tancred, Norman prince and regent of Antioch, defeat a Seljuk army (some 7,000 men) at Artah (modern-day Reyhanlı). Tancred threatens Aleppo, capital of Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, and expands his conquest by conquering more territory east of the Orontes River with minor opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Levant", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lu'lu' al-Yaya, Seljuk ruler and regent of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Deaths", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus and Aleppo (d. 1174)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Births", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1132, "year_label": "1132 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Aleppo and Mosul, marches on Baghdad (the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate), to add it to his dominions. He is defeated by the forces of Caliph Al-Mustarshid, near Tikrit (modern Iraq). Zengi flees and escapes, with the help of Tikrit's governor Najm ad-Din Ayyub (the father of Saladin), who conveys him across the River Tigris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359566515#Levant", "title": "1132", "revid": 1359566515, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, having led an expeditionary force into Syria, arrives before the walls of Aleppo. The city proves too strong to attack, but the fortresses of Biza'a, Athareb, Ma'arrat Nu'man and Kafartab are taken by assault. While the Byzantines besiege the city of Shaizar, the Crusader allies Prince Raymond of Poitiers of Antioch and Count Joscelin II of Edessa remain in their camp playing dice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Middle_East", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – An earthquake in Aleppo, Syria, kills about 230,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Middle_East", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1144, "year_label": "1144 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Mosul, attacks the Artuqid forces led by Kara Arslan – who has made an alliance with Joscelin II, count of Edessa. In support of the alliance Joscelin marches out of Edessa with a Crusader army down to the Euphrates River, to cut off Zengi's communications with Aleppo. Zengi is informed by Muslim observers at Harran of Joscelin's movements. He sends a detachment of Muslims to ambush the Crusaders and reaches Edessa with his main army in late November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160711#Levant", "title": "1144", "revid": 1362160711, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May–June – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, signs a peace treaty with Mu'in al-Din Unur. As part of the agreement, he marries Mu'in al-Din's daughter Ismat al-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in al-Din and Nur al-Din besiege the fortresses of Bosra and Salkhad, which has been captured by rebellious Muslim forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Levant", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Louis VII and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, are welcomed at St. Symeon by Eleanor's uncle Raymond of Poitiers and all his household. Raymond escorts the French crusaders to Antioch, where for the next days festivities are held. He urges Louis to accompany him on an expedition against Aleppo but Louis refuses and prefers instead to finish his pilgrimage to Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Second_Crusade", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1150, "year_label": "1150 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Joscelin II, count of Edessa, on his way to Antioch is separated from his escort and falls into the hands of some Turcoman free-booters. Nur al-Din, ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, heard of Joscelin's capture and sends a squadron of cavalry to take him from his captors. Joscelin is led before a hostile crowd and publicly blinded. Nur al-Din puts him in prison in the Citadel of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164290#Levant", "title": "1150", "revid": 1362164290, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, re-captures most of Crusader territory in the Orontes Valley – reducing the Principality of Antioch to little more than a narrow coastal strip along the Mediterranean. The County of Tripoli remains unchanged and Jerusalem remains a potential threat with ambitions to expand eastward, while also striving to dominate the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Levant", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, encamps before Damascus and overthrows Mujir al-Din by force with support of the Jewish citizens, who open the eastern gate to the bulk of his army. Mujir flees to the citadel, but capitulates after only a few hours. He is offered his life and the Emirate of Homs. A few weeks later Mujir is suspected of plotting with old friends in Damascus and is exiled to Baghdad. Damascus is annexed to Zangid territory and all of Syria is unified under the authority of Nur al-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran to the south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Levant", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attacked by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed, captured and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Levant", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Nur al-Din, Zangid ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, sends an expedition under General Shirkuh to Egypt on request of the Fatimid caliph Al-Adid. He offers him a third of the land, and fiefs for his generals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Levant", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1172, "year_label": "1172 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Az-Zahir Ghazi, Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo (d. 1216)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184481#Births", "title": "1172", "revid": 1369184481, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – A group of Isma'ili Assassins gains access into Saladin's camp and attempts to kill him during the siege of Aleppo. But his bodyguard saves his life, the others are slain while trying to escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Levant", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Raynald of Châtillon is released and ransomed from prison in Aleppo, together with Joscelin III, the titular count of Edessa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Levant", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Saladin invades the Jazira Region, ending the truce between him and the Zangids. After a feint attack on Aleppo, he crosses the Euphrates. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of Edessa, Saruj and Nisibin are captured in October. Saladin presses on to Mosul, and begins the siege of the city on November 10.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Az-Zahir Ghazi, Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Deaths", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Az-Zahir Ghazi, Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo, dies after a 23-year reign. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old son Al-Aziz Muhammad. Because of his young age, Toghril becomes Al-Aziz's regent or guardian (atabeg).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Levant", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Levant"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, detaches some 10,000 horsemen from Anatolia to support the Lord Edward in his war against Baibars. They invade Syria and defeat Mamluk forces who protect the region around Aleppo. The Mongols plunder the cities of Maarat al-Numan and Apamea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Levant", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Rumkale (Qal'at ar-Rum, \"Castle of the Romans\"), the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Levant", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Levant", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#October–December", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison \"had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#October–December", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1417, "year_label": "1417 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Imadaddin Nasimi, an Azerbaijani poet and the foremost proponent of Hurufism, was flayed alive and executed in Aleppo, Syria under the order of Aleppan ulema.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829183#Date_unknown", "title": "1417", "revid": 1368829183, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church in Aleppo, after receiving recognition by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and by Pope Innocent XI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#April–June", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thomas Darley purchases the bay Arabian horse Darley Arabian in Aleppo, Syria, and ships him to stud in England, where he becomes the most important foundation sire of all modern thoroughbred racing bloodstock.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5–13 – A sequence of earthquakes occurs in the northern part of the Ottoman Empire, causing severe damage from Gaziantep to Antakya in modern Turkey and from Aleppo to Khan Sheikhun in modern Syria. At least 20,000 people are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#July–September", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo to Aden, is formally declared by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#June", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June", "text": "Joel Brand is intercepted by British agents in Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#June", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Syrian civil war: Opposition forces seize control of most of Aleppo, Syria, prompting the first Russian airstrikes on the city since 2016.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#November", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › November"}}]}