{"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87", "qid": "Q87", "description": "port city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt", "entries": 116, "years": 114, "span": [-331, 2002], "span_label": ["332 BCE", "2002 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 35}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 21}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 19}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 11}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "athanasius-of-alexandria", "label": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "arianism", "label": "Arianism", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "egypt-roman-province", "label": "Egypt (Roman province)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Alexander founds the city of Alexandria near the western arm of the Nile on a site between the sea and Lake Mareotis, protected by the island of Pharos, and has the city laid out by the Rhodian architect Deinocrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Euclid, Greek mathematician who will come to live in Alexandria (d. c. 275 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Births", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -319, "year_label": "320 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria in Macedonian Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking over the lead from Babylon in Macedonian Babylonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1166431272#Demography", "title": "320 BC", "revid": 1166431272, "section": "Events › By topic › Demography"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius of Phalerum, who ruled Athens for 10 years with the support of Cassander, recognizes his position has become untenable. He opens up negotiations, and after several diplomatic exchanges involving Aristodemus of Miletus, Antigonus top diplomat, he is given safe conduct to Thebes. Eventually he settles in Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#Greece", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -284, "year_label": "285 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed and serves as a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370920977#Egypt", "title": "285 BC", "revid": 1370920977, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -282, "year_label": "283 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy II enlarges the library at Alexandria and appoints the grammarian Zenodotus to collect and edit all the Greek poets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173238#Egypt", "title": "283 BC", "revid": 1354173238, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus's widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Asia_Minor", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Archimedes screw for raising water is devised by the Greek mathematician Archimedes, who is studying at Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Arts_&_sciences", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts & sciences"}}, {"year": -257, "year_label": "258 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Erasistratus of Ceos founds a medical school at Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128147349#Egypt", "title": "258 BC", "revid": 1128147349, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "According to the Letter of Aristeas, Ptolemy II invited the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their torah translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Egypt", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Erasistratus, Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. He has founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria (b. 310 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Deaths", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Egypt from 285 BC, second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who has extended his power by skillful diplomacy, developed agriculture and commerce, and made Alexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences (b. 308 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Deaths", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The former King of Sparta, Cleomenes III, escapes from his Egyptian prison and, after failing to raise a revolt in Alexandria, takes his own life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Egypt", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Egypt", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Aristophanes of Byzantium, Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, becomes the chief librarian at Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Egypt", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Apollonius of Perga, Greek mathematician, geometer and astronomer of the Alexandrian school, known by his contemporaries as \"The Great Geometer\", whose treatise \"Conics\" is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world (b. c. 262 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Deaths", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -179, "year_label": "180 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of Aristophanes of Byzantium, Aristarchus of Samothrace becomes librarian at Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100368#Egypt", "title": "180 BC", "revid": 1266100368, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Egypt", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dionysios Thrax, a Hellenic grammarian who will live and work in Alexandria and later on Rhodes (d. 90 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Births", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Egypt", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -162, "year_label": "163 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ptolemaic king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and partition the kingdom, giving Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cyrenaica and Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342198603#Egypt", "title": "163 BC", "revid": 1342198603, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -139, "year_label": "140 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus leads a group of Roman ambassadors to Alexandria, where they meet with King Ptolemy VIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020441#Africa", "title": "140 BC", "revid": 1326020441, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": -79, "year_label": "80 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria comes under Roman jurisdiction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100545#Egypt", "title": "80 BC", "revid": 1266100545, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -47, "year_label": "48 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Julius Caesar reaches Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offer him gifts: the ring of Pompey and his head.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300612578#Egypt", "title": "48 BC", "revid": 1300612578, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -46, "year_label": "47 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed; Caesar, with the aid of Mithridates I of the Bosporus, then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209881860#Egypt", "title": "47 BC", "revid": 1209881860, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -40, "year_label": "41 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and forms an alliance. He returns to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41–40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she has Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079508#Egypt", "title": "41 BC", "revid": 1267079508, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Mark Antony leaves Alexandria. After receiving news of the outcome at Perusia while en route to Phoenicia, he sets sail for Italy meeting the ambassadors of Sextus Pompey in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Egypt", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Egypt"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antony advances into Armenia with an expeditionary force (16 legions) and marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic. Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 38, "year_label": "38 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Apion heads a deputation to Emperor Caligula, to complain about the Jews in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 38 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 39, "year_label": "39 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 39 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 40, "year_label": "40 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Church of Alexandria as the first Patriarch (traditional date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_40", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 40"}}, {"year": 50, "year_label": "50 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philo of Alexandria, Jewish philosopher (b. c. 20 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#50_AD", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Deaths › 50 AD"}}, {"year": 54, "year_label": "54 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Under Nero, Rome annexes Aden to protect the maritime route between Alexandria and Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Arabia", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 54 AD › Arabia"}}, {"year": 67, "year_label": "67 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxilia and troops of King Herod Agrippa II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185877#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 67", "revid": 1371185877, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 69, "year_label": "69 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882081#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 69", "revid": 1367882081, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with the 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 95, "year_label": "95 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Avilius of Alexandria, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186474#Deaths", "title": "AD 95", "revid": 1371186474, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 115, "year_label": "115 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria in Egypt is damaged during the Jewish-Greek civil wars. Marcus Rutilius Lupus, the Roman governor, sends Legio XXII Deiotariana to protect the inhabitants of Memphis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191693#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 115", "revid": 1371191693, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Marcius Turbo sails to Alexandria and defeats Jewish insurgents in several pitched battles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 118, "year_label": "118 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Primus, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326548#Deaths", "title": "AD 118", "revid": 1330326548, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 152, "year_label": "152 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Markianos, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189244#Deaths", "title": "AD 152", "revid": 1371189244, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Celadion, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Deaths", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 178, "year_label": "178 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Agrippinus, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305397#Deaths", "title": "AD 178", "revid": 1371305397, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 188, "year_label": "188 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Julian, pope and patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309114#Deaths", "title": "AD 188", "revid": 1371309114, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 189, "year_label": "189 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309450#Religion", "title": "AD 189", "revid": 1371309450, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 203, "year_label": "203 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Origen replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189154#Religion", "title": "203", "revid": 1371189154, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 215, "year_label": "215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt, beginning with the leading citizens after the Alexandrian Revolts. The emperor was angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188056#Egypt", "title": "215", "revid": 1371188056, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 249, "year_label": "249 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "In Alexandria, the populace pillages the homes of Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227182#Religion", "title": "249", "revid": 1371227182, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The great pandemic of the Roman world strikes violently in Pontus on the Black Sea, and causes enormous loss of life in Alexandria, encouraging thousands to embrace Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Medicine", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By topic › Medicine"}}, {"year": 265, "year_label": "265 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius the Great, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369159579#Deaths", "title": "265", "revid": 1369159579, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Near_East", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": 273, "year_label": "273 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In bitter street-fighting, Aurelian crushes a rebellion in Alexandria by Firmus, a sympathizer of Palmyra. Firmus is strangled to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325892096#Roman_Empire", "title": "273", "revid": 1325892096, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Julius Saturninus, governor of Syria, is in Alexandria, charged with the defense of the East. He is declared emperor and withdraws to Apamea. Probus besieges the city and puts him to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Catherine makes a public confession of the Christian gospel at a sacrificial feast ordered by Maximinus Daza at Alexandria. A virgin of royal descent, she is tortured on a spiked wheel (later called the \"Catherine Wheel\") and beheaded; her remains are spirited to Mount Sinai.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Religion", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 311, "year_label": "311 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Peter I, patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160941#Deaths", "title": "AD 311", "revid": 1330160941, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Achillas (the Great), pope and patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Deaths", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 321, "year_label": "321 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A synod held in Alexandria condemns Arianism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598330#Religion", "title": "321", "revid": 1360598330, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 328, "year_label": "328 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alexander I, pope and patriarch of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903834#Deaths", "title": "328", "revid": 1364903834, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 339, "year_label": "339 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople, while another Arian succeeds Athanasius as bishop of Alexandria, under the name Gregory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355371026#Religion", "title": "339", "revid": 1355371026, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 356, "year_label": "356 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369161915#Roman_Empire", "title": "356", "revid": 1369161915, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruding bishop of Alexandria, is murdered in his see and Athanasius of Alexandria returns to his native city in triumph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Religion", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council, at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Religion", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 366, "year_label": "366 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370006797#Religion", "title": "366", "revid": 1370006797, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 389, "year_label": "389 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "All pagan buildings in Alexandria, including the library, are destroyed by fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280219376#Roman_Empire", "title": "389", "revid": 1280219376, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis. The \"Order of Monks\" known as the Parabalani take charge of patrolling the streets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Religion", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Hypatia, Greek philosopher, distinguishes herself as one of the first female scientists and becomes head of the Neo-Platonist school at Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Physics", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Events › By topic › Physics"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks at the church (former temple conceived by Cleopatra VII) called Caesareum. Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Religion", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Christmas is celebrated for the first time in Alexandria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Religion", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian people clash with Byzantine soldiers in Alexandria rejecting Proterius of Alexandria as the new Chalcedonian Patriarch. The Egyptian rebels besieged the imperial garrison in the ancient temple of Serapis, and burned them alive. The Byzantine military eventually suppressed the uprising with heavy reinforcements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Egypt", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 457, "year_label": "457 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian people rose in revolt and assassinate Proterius of Alexandria, and dragged his body through the streets of Alexandria and burned it. Timothy II Aelurus anti-Chalcedonian pope becomes elected by Egyptians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050070#Egypt", "title": "457", "revid": 1367050070, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 525, "year_label": "525 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian explorer-geographer, travels up the Nile. He will venture as far to the east as Ceylon, become a monk, and write \"Topographia Christiana\" to vindicate the biblical account of the world (see 550).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792024#Exploration_and_colonization", "title": "525", "revid": 1340792024, "section": "Events › By topic › Exploration and colonization"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine troops drive the extremist Monophysite party out of Alexandria, and establish Theodosius I as patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Religion", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "As a result of persecutions by the Byzantine Empire, Monophysite Christians establish the Coptic Church in Alexandria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Religion", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Justin II sends his cousin Justin to exile in Alexandria, where he is installed as Augustal prefect of Egypt. There he is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought to Constantinople (most likely by assignment of Empress Sophia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicetas, cousin of future emperor Heraclius, launches an overland invasion in Egypt. He defeats a Byzantine army under Bonus (comes Orientis) outside Alexandria, sent from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians besiege Alexandria; the defence of the city is led by Nicetas (cousin of emperor Heraclius). The Byzantine resistance is undermined by a blockade of the harbor; the usual grain supplies are cut off from Egypt to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: The besieged city of Alexandria is captured by the Persians. Nicetas, cousin of Emperor Heraclius, and Chalcedonian patriarch, John V, flee to Cyprus. King Khosrow II extends his rule southwards along the Nile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Siege of Alexandria: Muslim Arabs under 'Amr ibn al-'As capture Alexandria after a six-month siege. Byzantine officials formally capitulate to Amr, turning the city over to Arab hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Africa", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor of Egypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building a Muslim fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: Alexandria is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs, after a Byzantine attempt (see 645) to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 years of rule by Greco-Roman states in the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 652, "year_label": "652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: An Arab fleet under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad defeats the Byzantine fleet (500 ships) off the coast of Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635695#Arab_Empire", "title": "652", "revid": 1367635695, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mansur orders the closing of the Canal of the Pharaohs (Egypt). The only remaining land routes to transship camel caravans' goods are from Alexandria to ports on the Red Sea, or the northern Byzantine termini of the Silk Road.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Relics of Mark the Evangelist are stolen from Alexandria (controlled by the Abbasid Caliphate) by two Venetian merchants, and brought to Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Religion", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Michael I succeeds Sophronius I, as patriarch of Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Religion", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 881, "year_label": "881 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "881 Acre earthquake: It takes place in the vicinity of Acre. Alexandria is reportedly affected by the same earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129955#Asia", "title": "881", "revid": 1341129955, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, an Abbasid military officer, is appointed governor of the provinces of Damascus and Jordan. He is sent to confront a pro-Tulunid rebellion in Egypt under Egyptian general Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji. The latter manages to capture Fustat and proclaims the restoration of the Tulunids, while the local Abbasid commander withdraws to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Arabian_Empire", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Religion", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, son of the Fatimid caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, leaves Raqqada at the head of an army, which is composed of Kutama warriors and the Arab jund (personal guard) in an attempt to conquer Egypt. He sends orders to Hubāsa to wait for him, but driven by ambition Hubāsa is already on his way to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Africa", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, ruler of Egypt and Syria, defeats the Fatimid forces near Alexandria. He drives them out of the city, forcing the Fatimids to retreat from Egypt to their base at Cyrenaica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Africa", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 940, "year_label": "940 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Eutychius, patriarch of Alexandria (b. 877)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512049#Deaths", "title": "940", "revid": 1341512049, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Abraham, Coptic pope of Alexandria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Deaths", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Fatimid_Egypt", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Fatimid Egypt"}}, {"year": 1140, "year_label": "1140 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the Kuzari, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307539#Religion", "title": "1140", "revid": 1367307539, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi sets off from Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Events", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May–June – Saladin leads the defence of Alexandria against the Crusader-Fatimid forces. He takes command over the garrison (plus some 1,000 cavalry), and the army's sick and wounded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Egypt", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The Sicilian fleet (some 250 ships) under Tancred, Count of Syracuse, launches a failed attack against Alexandria. But he is deprived of support and forced to sail away after a seven-day blockade on August 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Egypt", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Crusader army is trapped by a Nile flood at Damietta. Cardinal Pelagius sends a Venetian squadron to intercept the Egyptian fleet, and attacks the harbours of Rosetta and Alexandria, but to no effect. Lack of money prevents Pelagius from building a sufficient number of ships, and the papal treasury can not spare him anymore. In September more of the Crusaders return home.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1243, "year_label": "1243 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Cyril III, patriarch of Alexandria (b. 1175)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489265#Deaths", "title": "1243", "revid": 1367489265, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Two unidentified 'merchants' travel from Alexandria to Cairo to warn Qalawun of the economic dangers posed by Genoese domination in the eastern Mediterranean, which leaves the Mamluk trade at their mercy. Qalawun accepts the invitation to intervene, and breaks the truce with Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July–August – Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria, having escaped from Tripoli, starts a naval campaign against Mamluk shipping and raids Tinnis in Egypt. In response, Qalawun closes Alexandria to Genoese merchants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Levant", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1326, "year_label": "1326 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Early Spring – Ibn Battuta, Moroccan scholar and explorer, arrives after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 miles) at the port of Alexandria, at this time part of the Bahri Mamluk Empire. On July 16 he departs from Cairo on a trip through Palestine on the way to Damascus, where he arrives on August 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367237136#Middle_East", "title": "1326", "revid": 1367237136, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1365, "year_label": "1365 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Alexandrian Crusade: The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339848684#January–December", "title": "1365", "revid": 1339848684, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Lusignan of Cyprus leads the Cypriots in an unsuccessful attack on Alexandria in Egypt, then retreats, attacks Sidon again on July 19 and then is force by the weather to return to Cyprus, landing back at Famagusta on July 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 (16 Pashons, 1143 AM) – At Alexandria, Farag El-Maksi is elected as the new Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Christians and takes the regnal name of Pope John XI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#April–June", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – In Cairo, Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq becomes the new Sultan of Egypt and Syria, deposing the young Sultan Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf, whom he has arrested and then deported to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#July–September", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Egyptian Campaign: Napoleon Bonaparte disembarks his French army in Marabout Bay near Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366050846#July–December", "title": "1798", "revid": 1366050846, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – The first issue of Arabic language newspaper Al-Ahram is published by Saleem and Beshara Takla in Alexandria, Muhammad Ali dynasty (modern-day Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#August", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11–13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria, Egypt, and securing the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#July", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – An anarchist, suspected of plotting the assassination of Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II, is arrested in Egypt at Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#October", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#August", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December", "text": "Raid on Alexandria: Italian Regia Marina divers on human torpedoes place limpet mines on ships of the British Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet in port at Alexandria, Egypt, disabling battleships Queen Elizabeth and Valiant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#December", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – Smouha SC (sports club) is founded in Alexandria, Egypt, by Joseph Smouha, a Mizrahi Iraqi Jew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#December", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – The Bibliotheca Alexandrina opens in Alexandria, Egypt, in a ceremony attended by several heads of state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#October", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › October"}}]}