{"slug": "algeria", "label": "Algeria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262", "qid": "Q262", "description": "country in North Africa", "entries": 73, "years": 67, "span": [42, 1999], "span_label": ["42 CE", "1999 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 42}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ifriqiya", "label": "Ifriqiya", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-tlemcen", "label": "Kingdom of Tlemcen", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "tlemcen", "label": "Tlemcen", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "maghreb", "label": "Maghreb", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "berber-people", "label": "Berber people", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "libya", "label": "Libya", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "bejaia", "label": "Béjaïa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "khawarij", "label": "Khawarij", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": 42, "year_label": "42 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_42", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 42"}}, {"year": 393, "year_label": "393 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Synod of Hippo: A council at Hippo Regius (Algeria) is hosted by the Church. The bishops approve a canon of Sacred Scripture that correspond to the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744069#Religion", "title": "393", "revid": 1364744069, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Augustine, age 40, becomes bishop of Hippo Regius (modern Algeria). His assignment is the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, primarily focusing on the Donatist movement led by Primianus of Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Religion", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the Vandal War (439-442): Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with King Genseric, and recognises the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations; they settle in North Africa, with Carthage as their capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Africa", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 477, "year_label": "477 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The independent Mauro-Roman Kingdom (Kingdom of the Moors and Romans) is formed by Christian Berbers in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis (present-day northern Algeria), bordering the Vandal Kingdom to the east.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739274#Africa", "title": "477", "revid": 1364739274, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Solomon captures the Aurès Mountains from the Moors and extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis. The city of Theveste (Algeria) is restored and fortified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Africa", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Carcasan, king of the Ifuraces (Algeria)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Deaths", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 682, "year_label": "682 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At about this time, Muslim Umayyad Caliphate forces led by Uqba ibn Nafi overrun the south coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He occupies the cities of Tripoli and Carthage, the last Byzantine bases in Africa. In 682 or 683 the Umayyads are ambushed at the Battle of Vescera near Biskra (modern Algeria) by Romano-Berbers of King Caecilius and their Byzantine allies from the Exarchate of Carthage. Uqba ibn Nafi is killed and his army evacuates the city of Kairouan in Tunisia and withdraws to Barca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973674#Africa", "title": "682", "revid": 1347973674, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berber forces led by Queen Kahina (\"The Diviner\") are crushed by Arab invaders at Aures (Algeria). She has rallied the Berbers since the collapse of Byzantine power (see 647).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Arabian_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Musa ibn Nusayr defeats the Berber forces in Algeria, ending resistance against the Arabs (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Arabian_Empire", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab general Musa ibn Nusayr conquers the city of Tlemcen in Algeria; once and for all solidifying Al-Maghreb Al-Awsat (Modern-day Algeria), which makes way for the stabilization of the entirety of North Africa a couple years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 765, "year_label": "765 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Zenata Berber tribe of Banu Ifran rebels against the Abbasid Caliphate, and creates an independent state centered around Tlemcen (modern Algeria). Their tribal chief Abu Qurra rebuilds the city (formerly, the Roman colonia Pomaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847741#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "765", "revid": 1340847741, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Andalusian merchants set up an emporium (trade settlement) on the Maghreb coast at Ténès (modern Algeria). It is early evidence of the revival of the maritime trade in the Western Mediterranean, after the chaos of the early 8th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Africa", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Africa", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Moorish Andalusian merchants set up a trade settlement (so-called emporium) in Oran (modern Algeria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Arabian_Empire", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – (Shaban 312 AH) Hamd bin Khazar, leader of the Zenata Berber nomads in the high plateau of central Algeria, sets an ambush that kills Massala ibn Habus, the Fatimid Governor of Tahert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#October—December", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ziri ibn Manad is installed as governor of central Maghreb. He initiates the construction of the fortress of Ashir, near Médéa (modern Algeria). It symbolises the rise of the Zirid dynasty in the Western Mediterranean region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Africa", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Yazid, a Kharijite Berber leader, launches a rebellion in the Aurès Mountains (modern Algeria) against the Fatamids, seeking aid from the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Africa", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Abu Yazid, a Kharijite Berber leader who has led a rebellion against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, is defeated in the Hodna Mountains (modern-day Algeria). Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah sets about restoring the Fatimid dominion over North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#Arabian_Empire", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah dies after a severe illness. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate. His authority is recognized over most of what later will be Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Africa", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 955, "year_label": "955 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribe revolts against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and destroys the city of Oran (modern Algeria). They construct a new capital, Ifgan, near Mascara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512718#Africa", "title": "955", "revid": 1341512718, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Fatimid general Abu al-Hasan Jawhar ibn Abd Allah takes Ifgan, the capital of the rebellious Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribe. In the following two years, Jawhar conquers most of the north of modern-day Morocco and Algeria. In particular, he conquers the cities of Tangier, Sijilmasa and Tlemcen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Africa", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hammad ibn Buluggin adopts Sunni Islam and declares his independence from the Zirid dynasty (modern Algeria). He recognizes the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad as being the rightful caliphs and becomes the first ruler of the Hammadid dynasty (until 1028).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Africa", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Pisan and Genovese fleet attack Bona (modern Annaba) on the Maghribi coast (modern Algeria). The city is occupied for one year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Africa", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1090, "year_label": "1090 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Béjaïa (or Bugia) becomes the capital of the Hammadid dynasty in modern-day Algeria. It becomes an important port and centre of culture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154341#Africa", "title": "1090", "revid": 1362154341, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hammadid Emirate (modern Algeria) launches an assault against the city of Mahdia (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#North_Africa", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 1136, "year_label": "1136 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Béjaïa (modern Algeria) repels a Genoan naval assault.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584360#Africa", "title": "1136", "revid": 1365584360, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1143, "year_label": "1143 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Norman raiders capture Jijel (modern Algeria). A Norman raid on Ceuta fails, but at the same time the Normans lead a successful assault against Sfax.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337864253#Africa", "title": "1143", "revid": 1337864253, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Roger II launches a full scale invasion into North Africa, seizing lands from Emir Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali in what is now parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Africa", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Almohad Caliphate conquers the Maghrib al-Awsat (modern Algeria). The city of Béjaïa becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Africa", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Normans conduct a series of raids in North Africa, including Annaba (modern Algeria) and the Nile Delta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Africa", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Zakariya Yahya expands his influence by conquering the cities of Constantine and Béjaïa (modern Algeria). He becomes the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid Dynasty in Ifriqiya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Africa", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – In the Maghreb, after a string of successes against the Almohad Caliphate, Hafsid forces under Sultan Abu Zakariya Yahya conquer the city of Tlemcen (modern Algeria). The Kingdom of Tlemcen becomes a vassal of Abu Zakariya, and is formed in a series of small states between his rule and the states of the Western Maghreb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Africa", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Aragonese forces led by King Alfonso III (the Liberal) conquer the island of Menorca. He signs the \"Treaty of San Agayz\" with Sultan Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd on January 21. Alfonso accepts a policy of free trade for merchants and their property. He also concludes an alliance against the Marinids with Abu Said Uthman I, ruler of the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (modern Algeria). He proposes to supply him with five to ten galleys (with food and other goods) in exchange for 500 elite Zayyanid horsemen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1359, "year_label": "1359 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Kingdom of Tlemcen in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297602879#Date_unknown", "title": "1359", "revid": 1297602879, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Tashufin II succeeds his nephew, Abu Hammu II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid Dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#Date_unknown", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abd ar-Rahmân II succeeds Musa II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty, in present-day western Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#Date_unknown", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Zayyan II succeeds his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#April–June", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – In what is now Algeria, the Spanish Army under the command of Ramón de Cardona, captures the city of Mers-el-Kébir, a port of the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen, ruled by the Sultan Abu Abdallah V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#July–September", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The Sultan Abu Abdallah V of Tlemcen (now part of Algeria) agrees to pay a demand for tribute to the Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (now part of Spain), prompting Ferdinand to plot an invasion of the neighboring kingdom Ifriqiya and its capital, Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#April–June", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI is installed as the new ruler of the Kingdom of Tlemcen in modern-day Algeria, succeeding his brother Abu Zayyan III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#January–March", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – The Spanish Catalan city of Cullera is plundered by the Ottoman Empire General Dragut Reis, and most of its inhabitants are sold into slavery in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#April–June", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – The Battle of Cádiz begins off of the coast of the Spanish city as the English warship HMS Mary Rose encounters seven pirate ships from Algeria. Although none of the ships on either side are sunk, the Algerians are forced to retreat with an unknown number of casualties, and the Mary Rose loses 12 dead and 18 wounded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#October–December", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – The Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama takes place in Algeria with a surprise attack and ambush on the army of Murad III Bey of Tunis by two Algerian defenders, Hadj Mustapha, Dey of Algiers and Ahmed ben Ferhat, Beylik of Constantine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#October–December", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sylvain Charles Valée founds Skikda, Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#Date_unknown", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship for Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#January", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The Little Sisters of Jesus is founded in Algeria, by Little Sister Magdeleine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#September", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – WWII: Attack on Mers-el-Kébir: British naval units sink or seize ships of the French fleet anchored in the Algerian ports of Mers-el-Kebir and Oran, to prevent them from falling into German hands. The following day, Vichy France breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#July", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "Operation Torch: Elements of the Allied expeditionary force (some 105,000 men) under Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower lands simultaneously along the coastline of Morocco and Algeria in French North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#November", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – WWII: Royal Canadian Navy corvette HMCS Louisburg is bombed and sunk off Oran, Algeria by Italian aircraft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#February", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The 6.7 Chlef earthquake shakes northern Algeria, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The shock destroys Orléansville, leaving 1,243–1,409 dead, and 5,000 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#September", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Hundreds of people are killed in anti-French rioting in Morocco and Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#August", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – French minister Pierre Mendès France resigns, due to his government's policy on Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#May", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – France prohibits U.N. involvement in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#February", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – French President Charles de Gaulle's visit to Algeria is bloodied by European and Muslim rioters in Algeria's largest cities. These riots cause 127 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#December", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Gerboise Bleue: France tests its first atomic bomb, in the Sahara Desert of Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#February", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Algiers putsch: Four French generals who oppose de Gaulle's policies in Algeria fail in a coup attempt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#April", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – 1961 Paris massacre: French police in Paris attack about 30,000 people protesting against a curfew applied solely to Algerians. The official death toll is 3, but human rights groups claim 240 dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#October", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – Algeria joins the Arab League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#August", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Algeria proclaims independence; Ahmed Ben Bella is the first President.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#July", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8–12 – In Geneva, France and the Algerian FLN begin negotiations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#March", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – Houari Boumediene's Revolutionary Council ousts Ahmed Ben Bella, in a bloodless coup in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#May–June", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Moise Tshombe, former president of Katanga and former prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is kidnapped and taken to Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#June", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The 7.1 El Asnam earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 2,633–5,000 and injuring 8,369–9,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#October", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Gaddafi announces that Algeria and Libya have \"agreed in principle\" to a proposed union of the two states, which Gaddafi suggests should be named \"Algibya.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#October", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Algerian Civil War: The government of Algeria declares a state of emergency and begins a crackdown on the Islamic Salvation Front.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#February", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Following a rash of integrist murders (including those of foreigners), Algeria breaks diplomatic relations with Iran, accusing the country of interfering in its interior affairs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#March", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – 1994 Mascara earthquake: a 5.8 earthquake leaves 171 dead in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#August", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Seven Trappist monks from the monastery of Thibirine are killed by members of the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria after talks with French government concerning the imprisonment of several GIA sympathisers break down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#May", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – The Thalit massacre in Algeria: all but 1 of the 53 inhabitants of Thalit are killed by guerrillas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#April", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Over 100 people are killed in the Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#January", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}]}