{"slug": "american-civil-war", "label": "American Civil War", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8676", "qid": "Q8676", "description": "1861–1865 civil war in the United States between the North and the South over the enslavement of African-Americans", "entries": 43, "years": 20, "span": [1784, 1976], "span_label": ["1784 CE", "1976 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 20}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "confederate-states-of-america", "label": "Confederate States of America", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "abraham-lincoln", "label": "Abraham Lincoln", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "war-of-1812", "label": "War of 1812", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "united-states-army", "label": "United States Army", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "u-s-state", "label": "U.S. state", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tennessee", "label": "Tennessee", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "queen-victoria", "label": "Queen Victoria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "north-carolina", "label": "North Carolina", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "african-american", "label": "African American", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "supreme-court-of-the-united-states", "label": "Supreme Court of the United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "south-carolina", "label": "South Carolina", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – John E. Wool, general officer in the United States Army, who served during the War of 1812, Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War (d. 1869)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#Births", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – John L. Burns, American veteran of the War of 1812, civilian combatant for the Union Army during the American Civil War. (d. 1872)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#Births", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – States Rights Gist, Confederate Brigadier General in the American Civil War (d. 1864)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#July–December", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1837, "year_label": "1837 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – James H. Wilson, Union Army major general in the American Civil War (d. 1925)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360323585#July–September", "title": "1837", "revid": 1360323585, "section": "Births › July–September"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (d.1913)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#July–December", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Dred Scott v. Sandford: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that blacks are not citizens and slaves can not sue for freedom, driving the U.S. further towards the American Civil War (the ruling is not overturned until the 14th Amendment is adopted in 1868).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#January–March", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – American Civil War: South Carolina, led by Governor Francis Pickens, becomes the first state to secede from the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#December", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – The American Civil War begins with the bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#April", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#April", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – American Civil War: Trent Affair – The British government dispatches its response, partly drafted by Prince Albert (a fortnight before his death).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#December", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – American Civil War: A rebel government representing Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America, although Kentucky officially remains part of the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#December", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#March", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – American Civil War: The \"Stars and Bars\" is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#March", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a \"proclamation of neutrality\", which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#May", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – American Civil War: The state of Virginia's ordinance of secession from the United States is ratified in a referendum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#May", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Frémont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#November", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#October", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – W. H. L. Wallace, American Civil War Union general (died of wounds) (b. 1821)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#January–June", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – American Civil War: The first U.S. ironclad warship, , is launched in Brooklyn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#January", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#July", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – American Civil War: Battle of Mechanicsville – Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the troops of General George B. McClellan in the first of the Seven Days Battles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#June", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#March", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#October", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Perryville – Union Army forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#October", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – American Civil War: The preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation is made by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#September", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as the Union Army advances. This event marks the start of America's Reconstruction Era.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#January", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#July", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Pillow – Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers who surrender at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#April", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15–16 – American Civil War: Battle of Nashville – Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#December", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – American Civil War: Battle of Johnsonville – At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest bombard a Union supply base with artillery, and destroy millions of dollars' worth of material.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#November", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks: In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#April", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Fisher – Union forces launch a major amphibious assault against the last seaport held by the Confederates, Fort Fisher, North Carolina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#January", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Captain Henry Wirz, Confederate superintendent of Andersonville Prison (Camp Sumter) is hanged, becoming the second of two combatants, and only serving regular soldier, to be executed for war crimes committed during the American Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#November", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – American Civil War: The CSS Shenandoah, last remnant of the Confederate States of America and its military, surrenders in Liverpool after fleeing westward from the Pacific.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#November", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Champ Ferguson becomes the first person (and one of only two) to be convicted of war crimes for actions taken during the American Civil War, found guilty by a U.S. Army tribunal on 23 charges, arising from the murder of 53 people. He is hanged on October 20, two days after the conviction of Henry Wirz for war crimes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#September", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#July", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1869, "year_label": "1869 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – John E. Wool, general officer in the United States Army, who served during the War of 1812, Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War (b. 1784)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360511845#July–December", "title": "1869", "revid": 1360511845, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1872, "year_label": "1872 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – John L. Burns, American veteran of the War of 1812, civilian combatant for the Union Army during the American Civil War. (b. 1793)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371307490#January–June", "title": "1872", "revid": 1371307490, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The United States Note is valued the same as gold, for the first time since the American Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#January", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Ambrose Burnside, American Civil War general, inventor, politician from Rhode Island (b. 1824)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#July_–_December", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Deaths › July – December"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Peter Conover Hains, major general in the United States Army, and veteran of the American Civil War, Spanish–American War, and First World War (b. 1840)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#November–December", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Deaths › November–December"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – Six of the last sixteen surviving veterans of the Union Army, in the American Civil War, meet in Indianapolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#August", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – 1976 United States presidential election: Jimmy Carter narrowly defeats incumbent Gerald Ford, becoming the first candidate from the Deep South to win since the Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#November", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › November"}}]}