{"slug": "amsterdam", "label": "Amsterdam", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727", "qid": "Q727", "description": "capital and most populous city of the Netherlands", "entries": 50, "years": 48, "span": [1275, 2009], "span_label": ["1275 CE", "2009 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 11}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "netherlands", "label": "Netherlands", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "dutch-east-india-company", "label": "Dutch East India Company", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "states-general-of-the-netherlands", "label": "States General of the Netherlands", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "new-netherland", "label": "New Netherland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "english-channel", "label": "English Channel", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "north-sea", "label": "North Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "java", "label": "Java", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "indonesia", "label": "Indonesia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Floris V, count of Holland, grants the city of Amsterdam freedom from taxes (called a road toll).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Europe", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth-largest flood in recorded history – which creates the Zuider Zee inlet, and kills over 50,000 people. It also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1345, "year_label": "1345 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – The Miracle of the Host occurs (as commemorated in Amsterdam).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119534#Events", "title": "1345", "revid": 1366119534, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – In Germany, the Kölner Konföderation is founded by eight German members of the Hanseatic League (Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar, Kulm and Thorn, and five non-League Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Brielle, Harderwijk,Elbing and Kampen) to fight against the Kingdom of Denmark, whose ruler King Valdemar IV, has been seizing land to expand the territory owned by the Danish crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#October–December", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – The city council of Amsterdam prohibits snowball fights: \"Neymant en moet met sneecluyten werpen nocht maecht noch wijf noch manspersoon.\" (\"No one shall throw with snowballs, neither men nor (unmarried) women.\")", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#October–December", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – In Amsterdam, a small troop of Anabaptists, led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels. In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#April–June", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1572, "year_label": "1572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Capture of Brielle: The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zeeland against Spanish Habsburg rule, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam) under rebel control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370792520#April–June", "title": "1572", "revid": 1370792520, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1578, "year_label": "1578 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – The Alteratie takes place in Amsterdam, expelling the 24 Catholic members of the 40-man city government, and forming a new council is formed with 30 Calvinist Protestants and 10 Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356931160#April–June", "title": "1578", "revid": 1356931160, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "In Amsterdam, the Compagnie van Verre is created, with the goal of breaking the Portuguese monopoly on spice trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#Date_unknown", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: A Dutch expedition commanded by Cornelis de Houtman returns to Amsterdam, after having successfully reached Java. This achievement opens the Spice trade, which had until then been monopolised by the Portuguese, to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#July–September", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Second Dutch Expedition to East Indies: A Dutch fleet returns to Amsterdam from what is now Indonesia, carrying 600,000 pounds of pepper and 250,000 pounds of cloves and nutmeg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#July–September", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – The United East India Company is established by the United Provinces States-General in Amsterdam, with the stated intention of capturing the spice trade from the Portuguese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#January–March", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – English explorer Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, sets out from Amsterdam in the Halve Maen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#April–June", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – Dutch merchant Adriaen Block returns to Amsterdam in the Onrust, having become the first European to enter Long Island Sound and the Connecticut River, and determined that Long Island is an island. He publishes a map of \"New Netherland\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#July–September", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General of the Northern Netherlands for exclusive trading rights, in the area he explored and named \"New Netherland\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#October–December", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Joris Veseler prints the first Dutch newspaper Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. in Amsterdam (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#April–June", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – King Christian IV of Denmark invites the Sephardic Jews of Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic to settle in the newly-built Danish town of Lykstad, promising them the free exercise of their religion without persecution. The city remains part of Denmark until 1864 until it is captured in the Second Schleswig War and is now part of Germany as Glückstadt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#October–December", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – The dissection of a body for the benefit of medical students is carried out by Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, the anatomist for the city of Amsterdam, and will be immortalized in Rembrandt's painting The Anatomy Lesson.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#January–March", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Willem and Joan Blaeu publish the first edition of their Atlas Novus, in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#Date_unknown", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rembrandt finishes his painting The Night Watch (Militia Company of District II under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq) in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#Date_unknown", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – St. Peter's Flood: Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes the Netherlands, flooding Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#January–March", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Joan Blaeu completes publication of his Atlas Maior (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum) in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#Date_unknown", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first completed printed Bible translation into Armenian, Astuacašunč hnoc' ew noroc' ktakaranac (Oskanean Bible), is published in Amsterdam, edited by Bishop Oskan Yerevantsi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#Date_unknown", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn dies at the age of 63, after completing his final known work Self-Portrait at the Age of 63. Despite his wealth, is buried in an unmarked grave in Amsterdam's Westerkerk. After 20 years, his remains are removed and destroyed in accordance with church custom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#October–December", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The 1674 derecho causes a catastrophic impact in Western Europe. In the Netherlands, the derecho causes over 1,050 deaths and devastates cities such as Utrecht and Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#July–September", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spinoza's Ethics (Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata) is published as part of his Opera Posthuma in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#Date_unknown", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "In Amsterdam, the bank Wed. Jean Deutz & Sn. floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilder loan to the Holy Roman Emperor. From this date on, European leaders commonly take advantage of the low interest rates available in the Dutch Republic, and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – In the Netherlands, undertakers revolt after funeral reforms in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#January–March", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Jacob Christoph Le Blon, working in Amsterdam, invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow plates, a precursor of the modern CMYK printing process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#Date_unknown", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Rioters in Amsterdam demand governmental reform.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#October–December", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – French troops enter Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Rijksmuseum moves from The Hague to Amsterdam, where it is located temporarily at the Royal Palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369185588#Date_unknown", "title": "1808", "revid": 1369185588, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Gerard Adriaan Heineken, 22, buys the brewery 'De Hooiberg' (\"The Haystack\") in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#December", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Heineken Brewery is founded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#December", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#August", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – In Amsterdam, the first International Colonial and Export Exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#October", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The Concertgebouw orchestra in Amsterdam is inaugurated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#April", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The first flight of Dutch air company KLM, from Amsterdam to London, takes place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#May", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – August 12 – The 1928 Summer Olympics are held in Amsterdam, opening with the lighting of the Olympic flame. Women's athletics and gymnastics debut at these games, and discus thrower Halina Konopacka of Poland becomes the first female Olympic gold medal winner for a track or field event. Coca-Cola enters Europe as sponsor of the games.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#July", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "The occupied Netherlands starts the first popular uprising in Europe against the Axis powers, the \"February strike\" against German deportation of Jews in Amsterdam and surroundings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#February", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The Holocaust: On her 13th birthday, Anne Frank receives the book that she will use to keep her diary in occupied Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#June", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August", "text": "The Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank, her family, and others in hiding. All will die in captivity, except for Otto Frank, Anne's father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#August", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Operation Black Tulip, the expulsion of Germans from the Netherlands, begins in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#September", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank is published for the first time as Het Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven 14 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944 (\"The Annex: Diary Notes from 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944\") in Amsterdam, two years after the writer's death in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#June", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – The World Council of Churches is established in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#August", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – S.L. Benfica beats Real Madrid 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam to win the 1961–62 European Cup in association football.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#May", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – John Lennon and Yoko Ono are married at Gibraltar, and proceed to their honeymoon \"Bed-in\" for peace in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#March", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – The \"tea house\" Mellow Yellow opens on the river Amstel in Amsterdam, pioneering the legal sale of cannabis in the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#November", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#April", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – A Nigerian terrorist plotted an attempted terrorist bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en route from Amsterdam to Detroit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#December", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › December"}}]}