{"slug": "amu-darya", "label": "Amu Darya", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Darya", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8493", "qid": "Q8493", "description": "major river in Central Asia", "entries": 11, "years": 11, "span": [-328, 1558], "span_label": ["329 BCE", "1558 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "afghanistan", "label": "Afghanistan", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "greater-khorasan", "label": "Greater Khorasan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gokturks", "label": "Göktürks", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "uzbekistan", "label": "Uzbekistan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bukhara", "label": "Bukhara", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "baghdad", "label": "Baghdad", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "asia", "label": "Asia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "western-turkic-khaganate", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "seljuk-empire", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -328, "year_label": "329 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Crossing the Hindu Kush northward, probably over the Khawak Pass, Alexander brings his army, despite food shortages, to Drapsaka. Outflanked, Bessus flees beyond the Oxus river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356261159#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "329 BC", "revid": 1356261159, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Khosrau I dies after a 48-year reign, during which he has extended his realm from the River Oxus to the Red Sea. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd IV, who becomes king of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Persia", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Perso-Turkic War: The Sassanid Persians capture the cities Balkh and Herat (Afghanistan). They cross the Oxus River and repulse a Turkic invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Persia", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Western Turks conquer the Oxus valley and cooperate with Heraclius against Persia, taking Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Asia", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Arab forces gain power in Central Asia, as Qutayba ibn Muslim becomes governor of Khorasan. The region has grown rich from trade with China and Eastern Europe, its merchants dealing in silk, furs, amber, honey, and walrus ivory. During his rule, Qutayba subjugates the mercantile cities of Bukhara and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), as well as the Oxus delta area of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Xuan Zong reestablishes control over the Oxus and Jaxartes valleys. During his reign he defeats the invading Arab armies, in a series of campaigns in Fergana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Asia", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Battle of the Baggage: The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, pursue them south of the River Oxus (northern Afghanistan), and capture their baggage train. In the winter, the Turgesh and their Transoxianan allies launch a major counter-invasion but are halted and their army is destroyed. Khuttal is then conquered by the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Asia", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Alp Arslan succeeds to the throne, as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "English explorer Anthony Jenkinson travels from Moscow to Astrakhan and Bukhara. He is the first Englishman to note that the Amu Darya changed course, to start flowing into the Aral Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#Unknown", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › Unknown"}}]}