{"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11768", "qid": "Q11768", "description": "Egyptian civilization from the 4th millennium BC", "entries": 108, "years": 95, "span": [-2889, -29], "span_label": ["2890 BCE", "30 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 60}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 20}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ptolemy-ii-philadelphus", "label": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "ptolemy-vi-philometor", "label": "Ptolemy VI Philometor", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "ptolemy-i-soter", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "ptolemy-iii-euergetes", "label": "Ptolemy III Euergetes", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "ptolemy-v-epiphanes", "label": "Ptolemy V Epiphanes", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ptolemy-iv-philopator", "label": "Ptolemy IV Philopator", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 7}], "items": [{"year": -2889, "year_label": "2890 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "2890 BC: Ancient Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895849#Events", "title": "29th century BC", "revid": 1371895849, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2774, "year_label": "2775 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "2775 BC – 2650 BC: Second Dynasty wars in Ancient Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895843#Events", "title": "28th century BC", "revid": 1371895843, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2699, "year_label": "2700 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 2700 BC: The beginning of statuary in Ancient Egypt, with shale and limestone statues of Khasekhemwy created in Nekhen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895855#Events", "title": "27th century BC", "revid": 1371895855, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2239, "year_label": "2240 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 2240 BC: Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895841#Events", "title": "23rd century BC", "revid": 1371895841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2039, "year_label": "2040 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 2040 BC – Mentuhotep II, ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt in Thebes, completes the reunification of Egypt following his victory over the pharaohs of Herakleopolis, which marks the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895845#Events", "title": "21st century BC", "revid": 1371895845, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1994, "year_label": "1995 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "c. 1995 BC: Ancient Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363833727#Events", "title": "20th century BC", "revid": 1363833727, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1769, "year_label": "1770 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1739, "year_label": "1740 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 1740 BC: reigns of pharaoh Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV, marking the apex of the Egyptian 13th Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1719, "year_label": "1720 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 1720 BC: The Hyksos invade and conquer Egypt, establishing their capital at Avaris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1690, "year_label": "1691 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368071329#Significant_people", "title": "1690s BC", "revid": 1368071329, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1649, "year_label": "1650 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 1650 BC—Middle Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 1674 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242605770#Events_and_trends", "title": "1650s BC", "revid": 1242605770, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1556, "year_label": "1557 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1557 BC—Estimation: Memphis, capital of Lower Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Avaris, capital of the Hyksos in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694621#Events_and_trends", "title": "1550s BC", "revid": 1361694621, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1551, "year_label": "1552 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1552 BC—End of Second Intermediate period in Ancient Egypt. Start of New Kingdom. 18th–20th Dynasties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694621#Events_and_trends", "title": "1550s BC", "revid": 1361694621, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1549, "year_label": "1550 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 1550 BC—Second Intermediate Period ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 1552 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694621#Events_and_trends", "title": "1550s BC", "revid": 1361694621, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1549, "year_label": "1550 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt (although only de facto ruler of Upper Egypt) according to the Low Chronology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694621#Events_and_trends", "title": "1550s BC", "revid": 1361694621, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1533, "year_label": "1534 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "1534 BC—The oldest dated star chart was made in Ancient Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326569723#Events_and_trends", "title": "1530s BC", "revid": 1326569723, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1399, "year_label": "1400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1400 BC – Estimation: Thebes, capital of Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Memphis in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315282659#Events_and_trends", "title": "1400s BC (decade)", "revid": 1315282659, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1318, "year_label": "1319 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "(or 1306 BC)—Horemheb assumes the throne of Ancient Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342187024#1319_BC", "title": "1310s BC", "revid": 1342187024, "section": "Events › 1319 BC"}}, {"year": -1110, "year_label": "1111 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1111 BC—Pharaoh Ramesses IX of Egypt dies, is buried in KV6, and succeeded by Ramesses X, possibly his son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151259#Events_and_trends", "title": "1110s BC", "revid": 1307151259, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -667, "year_label": "668 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes in Egypt (estimation).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510235#Middle_East", "title": "668 BC", "revid": 1370510235, "section": "Events › By Place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -666, "year_label": "667 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ashurbanipal of Assyria resumes his late father's attack on Egypt (see 671 BC), recapturing Memphis and beginning an offensive into Upper Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510245#Middle_East", "title": "667 BC", "revid": 1370510245, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Psamtik I extends his control over all Egypt. The Twenty-fifth Dynasty, and subsequent Nubian period, end in Ancient Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Egypt", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -652, "year_label": "653 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tantamani, king (pharaoh) of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372215971#Deaths", "title": "653 BC", "revid": 1372215971, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -651, "year_label": "652 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510221#Middle_East", "title": "652 BC", "revid": 1370510221, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -524, "year_label": "525 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pelusium - Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt by painting cats and other animals sacred to the Egyptians on his soldiers' shields. The Egyptians run in fear of \"harming\" these animals. It is said that after the battle, Cambyses hurled cats in the faces of the Egyptians in scorn that they would sacrifice their country for the safety of their animals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304644880#Egypt", "title": "525 BC", "revid": 1304644880, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -485, "year_label": "486 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt revolts against Persian rule upon the death of king Darius I. The revolts, probably led by Libyans of the western Delta, are crushed the next year by Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598378#Persian_Empire", "title": "486 BC", "revid": 1360598378, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -483, "year_label": "484 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I quells the Egyptian revolt against Persian rule. He ravages the Delta region in the process and then appoints his brother Achaemenes satrap (governor) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129371#Persian_Empire", "title": "484 BC", "revid": 1350129371, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -480, "year_label": "481 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129369#Persian_Empire", "title": "481 BC", "revid": 1350129369, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egypt revolts against Persian rule. The Egyptian leader, Inaros, asks Athens for assistance, which is willingly provided as Athens has plans to trade with and colonize Egypt. A force of 200 Athenian triremes, which is campaigning in Cyprus, is immediately ordered to Egypt to render assistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Persian_Empire", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Tamõs, the satrap of Ionia, fled from his satrapy in fear of the king's retribution. He loaded his possessions onto his satrapy's fleet of triremes and sailed to Egypt seeking the protection of Psammetichus, the King of the Egyptians. Psammetichus executed Tamõs and his family and took his possessions and fleet for himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, seeks help from its sister city of Tyre and from Egypt but gets very little.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Persian_Empire", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander conquers Egypt from the Persians. The Egyptians welcome him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrenders. Alexander's conquest of Egypt completes his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -321, "year_label": "322 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "By custom, kings in Macedonia assert their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. To pre-empt Perdiccas, the imperial regent, Ptolemy has Alexander the Great's body brought to Memphis, Egypt and buried there in a gold sarcophagus. Ptolemy then marries Alexander's mistress, Thaïs and commences to reign as king of Egypt and the adjacent Libyan and Arabian regions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316405653#Egypt", "title": "322 BC", "revid": 1316405653, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -321, "year_label": "322 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes of Naucratis, Greek deputy to the Macedonian ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316405653#Deaths", "title": "322 BC", "revid": 1316405653, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -320, "year_label": "321 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359962346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "321 BC", "revid": 1359962346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -319, "year_label": "320 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria in Macedonian Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking over the lead from Babylon in Macedonian Babylonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1166431272#Demography", "title": "320 BC", "revid": 1166431272, "section": "Events › By topic › Demography"}}, {"year": -315, "year_label": "316 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe II, Queen of Thrace and later co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II of Egypt (d. 270 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1007737454#Births", "title": "316 BC", "revid": 1007737454, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -314, "year_label": "315 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus claims authority over most of Asia, seizes the treasury at Susa and enters Babylon, where Seleucus is governor. Seleucus flees to Ptolemy in Egypt and enters into a league with him, Lysimachus (the ruler of Thrace) and Cassander, against Antigonus. This leads to the First Coalition War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539376#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "315 BC", "revid": 1367539376, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus, the ruler of the Asian parts of the late Alexander the Great's empire, faces a coalition consisting of Cassander, the Macedonian regent; Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace; and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt, who have taken the side of the ousted satrap of Babylon, Seleucus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy, whose Egyptian kingdom includes Cyprus, puts down a revolt there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Egypt", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Asia_Minor/Syria/Palestina", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (d. 246 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Births", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius Poliorcetes lands on Cyprus and besieges Menelaus, brother of Egypt's ruler, Ptolemy I Soter, at Salamis. Ptolemy Soter, coming to his brother's aid, is decisively defeated in the Battle of Salamis. The battle completely destroys the naval power of Egypt and results in the capture of Cyprus by Demetrius. This gives Demetrius' father, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, control of the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Cyprus", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Cyprus"}}, {"year": -299, "year_label": "300 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129363#Egypt", "title": "300 BC", "revid": 1350129363, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -289, "year_label": "290 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Berenice, wife of Ptolemy, is proclaimed queen of Egypt. Ptolemy has the city of Berenice built on the Red Sea in her honour. It becomes a great emporium for Egyptian trade with the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837905#Egypt", "title": "290 BC", "revid": 1267837905, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -287, "year_label": "288 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373136664#Greece", "title": "288 BC", "revid": 1373136664, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -284, "year_label": "285 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who has been co-regent for three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370920977#Egypt", "title": "285 BC", "revid": 1370920977, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -283, "year_label": "284 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480303#Asia_Minor", "title": "284 BC", "revid": 1370480303, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Egypt", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid Empire by Antiochus, who was already king of the Syrian part of the empire. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus's widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Asia_Minor", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II in the Damascene War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The aggression of Ptolemy II of Egypt continues to cause friction with Antiochus as he takes Miletus in south-western Asia Minor from him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Egypt", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -275, "year_label": "276 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix \"Philadelphoi\" (\"Brother-Loving\") consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256257267#Egypt", "title": "276 BC", "revid": 1256257267, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -274, "year_label": "275 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1164823364#Egypt", "title": "275 BC", "revid": 1164823364, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Egypt", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War. Ptolemy II annexes Miletus, Phoenicia and western Cilicia from Antiochus. As a result, Ptolemy II extends Egyptian rule as far as Caria and into most of Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe II, queen to Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, and later wife of her brother, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt (b. c. 316 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Deaths", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -266, "year_label": "267 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in southern Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481835#Greece", "title": "267 BC", "revid": 1370481835, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the king of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Greece", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aratus recalls back to Sicyon those exiled by Nicocles. This leads to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus II will exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applies for the city to join the Achaean League, a league of a few small Achaean towns in the Peloponnese. Aratus then gains the financial support of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II to enable the Achaean League to defend itself against Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#Greece", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt from 220 BC, daughter of Ptolemy III and Berenice II (d. 204 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Births", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Egypt", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Egypt from 285 BC, second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who has extended his power by skillful diplomacy, developed agriculture and commerce, and made Alexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences (b. 308 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Deaths", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus II Theos, king of the Seleucid dominions in the Middle East from 261 BC. He has spent much of his reign at war with Egypt, recovering much of the territory in Anatolia lost in earlier wars between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties (b. c. 287 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Deaths", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -243, "year_label": "244 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482239#Greece", "title": "244 BC", "revid": 1370482239, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -242, "year_label": "243 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy III returns from Syria due to a revolt in Egypt. As a result, Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out of Mesopotamia and part of Northern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172722#Egypt", "title": "243 BC", "revid": 1354172722, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -241, "year_label": "242 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210520734#Egypt", "title": "242 BC", "revid": 1210520734, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus II's brother Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid Anatolia, sends an army into Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the \"War of the Brothers\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Decree of Canopus, also called \"Table of Tanis\", is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort Berenice. The decree, written in Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Egypt", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy III Euergetes (the Benefactor), king of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Deaths", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy III, king of Egypt, who has reunited Egypt and Cyrenaica and successfully waged the Third Syrian War against the Seleucid Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Deaths", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Berenice II, queen of Egypt, daughter of Magas, king of Cyrenaica (in modern Libya), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes has reunited her country with Egypt (b. c. 267 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Deaths", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt's Ptolemy III dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy IV. Sosibius is appointed by Ptolemy IV as his chief minister and immediately has a great influence over the young king, directing all of the affairs of state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Egypt", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Egypt", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crush the Seleucid army under Antiochus III in the Battle of Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Egypt", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Roman_Republic", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe III, wife and sister of King Ptolemy IV gives birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Thereafter, she is sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depraved male and female favourites ruin both the king and his government of Egypt. Although Arsinoe III disapproves of the sordid state of the court, she is unable to exert any influence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Egypt", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt (d. 180 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Births", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The native Egyptian population rises in rebellion against their Greek rulers. The revolt spreads to Upper Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Egypt", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy IV Philopator, Greek king of Egypt who has reigned from 221 BC (b. c. 238 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Deaths", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Egypt", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt, sister and wife of Ptolemy IV (assassinated) (b. c. 246 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Deaths", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Egypt", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Greece", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Greece", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -197, "year_label": "198 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698641#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "198 BC", "revid": 1352698641, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Egypt", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -192, "year_label": "193 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018923#Egypt", "title": "193 BC", "revid": 1213018923, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -185, "year_label": "186 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, who will reign from 180 BC (d. 145 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368172407#Births", "title": "186 BC", "revid": 1368172407, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Egypt", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -181, "year_label": "182 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt (d. 116 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363193024#Births", "title": "182 BC", "revid": 1363193024, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Egypt", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -179, "year_label": "180 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt (b. 210 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100368#Deaths", "title": "180 BC", "revid": 1266100368, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -175, "year_label": "176 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483923#Egypt", "title": "176 BC", "revid": 1370483923, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Egypt", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -167, "year_label": "168 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698468#Egypt", "title": "168 BC", "revid": 1352698468, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Egypt", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Egypt", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Egypt"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Cleopatra III, queen of Egypt from 142 BC (d. 101 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Births", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Egypt", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been \"discovered\" by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -46, "year_label": "47 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed; Caesar, with the aid of Mithridates I of the Bosporus, then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209881860#Egypt", "title": "47 BC", "revid": 1209881860, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic. Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 or 12 – With the death of Cleopatra, probably by suicide, in Alexandria and the probable murder soon afterwards of her son and nominal co-ruler Caesarion, the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last of Ancient Egypt, comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}]}