{"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11772", "qid": "Q11772", "description": "Greek civilization from 1200 BC to 600 AD", "entries": 85, "years": 72, "span": [-1499, -82], "span_label": ["1500 BCE", "83 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 27}, {"title": "Births", "count": 12}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 11}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "achaean-league", "label": "Achaean League", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "antigonus-ii-gonatas", "label": "Antigonus II Gonatas", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "philosophy", "label": "Philosophy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "achaea", "label": "Achaea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -1499, "year_label": "1500 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1500 BC — Eleusinian Mysteries start in Ancient Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320312812#Events_and_trends", "title": "1500s BC (decade)", "revid": 1320312812, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1499, "year_label": "1500 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "c. 1500 BC — Mycenaean civilization starts in Ancient Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320312812#Events_and_trends", "title": "1500s BC (decade)", "revid": 1320312812, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -634, "year_label": "635 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "635 BC—Birth of Thales, Greek philosopher (d. 543 BC) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370523191#Significant_people", "title": "630s BC", "revid": 1370523191, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -624, "year_label": "625 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Orientalizing period of vases ends in Ancient Greece (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510213#Events", "title": "625 BC", "revid": 1370510213, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -565, "year_label": "566 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first known Panathenaic Games of Ancient Greece are conducted in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129129#Athens", "title": "566 BC", "revid": 1350129129, "section": "Events › By place › Athens"}}, {"year": -539, "year_label": "540 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Greek city of Elea of southern Italy is founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210121752#Events", "title": "540 BC", "revid": 1210121752, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -514, "year_label": "515 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pheretima (Cyrenaean Queen), wife of the Greek Cyrenaean King Battus III and the last recorded queen of the Battiad dynasty in Cyrenaica", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129116#Deaths", "title": "515 BC", "revid": 1350129116, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -498, "year_label": "499 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in c. 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129380#Greece", "title": "499 BC", "revid": 1350129380, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -493, "year_label": "494 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states, the Persians under Artaphernes lay siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Lade is fought at the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appears to be winning the battle until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreat. The sudden defection turns the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet is completely destroyed. Miletus surrenders shortly thereafter, and the Ionian Revolt comes to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362845788#Persian_empire", "title": "494 BC", "revid": 1362845788, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -491, "year_label": "492 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general, Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap (governor) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172499#Greece", "title": "492 BC", "revid": 1354172499, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Empedocles, Greek philosopher (d. c. 430 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Births", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Zeno of Elea, Greek philosopher (d. c. 430 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Births", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -486, "year_label": "487 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gorgias, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (d. c. 376 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129368#Births", "title": "487 BC", "revid": 1350129368, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -483, "year_label": "484 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Achaeus of Eretria, Greek tragedian", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129371#Births", "title": "484 BC", "revid": 1350129371, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -483, "year_label": "484 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Greek historian (approximate date) (died c. 425 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129371#Births", "title": "484 BC", "revid": 1350129371, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -482, "year_label": "483 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I of Persia is encouraged by his cousin and brother-in-law, Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks, to take revenge for the defeat that Darius I suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC. In response, Xerxes prepares for a major expedition to crush the Greeks. To avoid a repeat of the significant losses to the Persian fleet that occurred in 492 BC, Xerxes has a canal cut through the promontory of Mount Athos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342607703#Persian_empire", "title": "483 BC", "revid": 1342607703, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -480, "year_label": "481 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129369#Persian_Empire", "title": "481 BC", "revid": 1350129369, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -480, "year_label": "481 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Protagoras, Greek presocratic philosopher (d. c. 420 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129369#Births", "title": "481 BC", "revid": 1350129369, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Alexander I of Macedon is obliged to accompany Xerxes in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aids the Greek allies. With Xerxes' apparent acquiescence, Alexander seizes the Greek colony of Pydna and advances his frontiers eastward to the Strymon, taking in Crestonia and Bisaltia, along with the rich silver deposits of Mount Dysorus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Breaking through the pass at Thermopylae from Macedonia into Greece, the Persians occupy Attica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The archaic period of sculpture ends in Greece and is succeeded by the Severe (Early Classical) period (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Arts", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 or September 8-10 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 (traditional date) – Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Births", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -478, "year_label": "479 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Athenian contingent is led by the repatriated Aristides. Mardonius is killed in the battle and the Greeks capture enormous amounts of loot. Thebes is captured shortly thereafter and the Theban collaborators executed by Pausanias.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129373#Greece", "title": "479 BC", "revid": 1350129373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -476, "year_label": "477 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129381#Greece", "title": "477 BC", "revid": 1350129381, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Italy", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hostilities between Segesta and Selinunte, two Greek cities on Sicily, take place over access to the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Sicily", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Severe (Early Classical) period of sculpture ends in Ancient Greece and is succeeded by the Mature Classical period (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Arts", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -446, "year_label": "447 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek playwright, produces his first play.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1196799197#Literature", "title": "447 BC", "revid": 1196799197, "section": "Events › By subject › Literature"}}, {"year": -440, "year_label": "441 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Greek playwright, Euripides, wins his first victory in a dramatic festival.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247481933#Literature", "title": "441 BC", "revid": 1247481933, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -437, "year_label": "438 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Greek playwright Euripides' play Alcestis is performed in the Dionysia, an Athenian dramatic festival.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326570904#Literature", "title": "438 BC", "revid": 1326570904, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -431, "year_label": "432 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Heraclea in Southern Italy is founded by colonists from Tarentum and Thurii.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330384213#Italy", "title": "432 BC", "revid": 1330384213, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Greek philosopher Empedocles distinguishes the four elements - earth, fire, water, and air - that he claims all substances are made of. He explains the development of the universe by the forces of attraction and repulsion known as Love and Strife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Science", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By topic › Science"}}, {"year": -427, "year_label": "428 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Cumae in Italy falls to the Samnites, who begin to take control of the Campanian plain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151725633#Italy", "title": "428 BC", "revid": 1151725633, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -424, "year_label": "425 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "What some historians call the Rich style begins in Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238622#Art", "title": "425 BC", "revid": 1242238622, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -424, "year_label": "425 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Herodotus of Halicarnassos, Dorian Greek historian (b. 484 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238622#Deaths", "title": "425 BC", "revid": 1242238622, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -420, "year_label": "421 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Cumae, the most northerly of the Greek colonies in Italy, falls to the Samnites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172919#Italy", "title": "421 BC", "revid": 1354172919, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -419, "year_label": "420 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Protagoras, Greek presocratic philosopher (b. c. 490 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360316147#Deaths", "title": "420 BC", "revid": 1360316147, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians under Darius II see their opportunity to play off one Greek city-state against another and to recover control of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, which have been under Athenian control since 449 BC. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, are ordered to collect overdue tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Persian_Empire", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius the Elder ruthlessly consolidates and expands his power. He builds a wall around Syracuse and fortifies Epipolae. The Greek citizens of Naxos, Catana, and Leontini are removed from their cities; many of them are enslaved and their homes are given to Sicilian and Italian mercenaries. Dionysius prepares his army to fight against Carthage, which now occupies western and southern Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Sicily", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -400, "year_label": "401 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext for gathering a large army and also pretends to prepare an expedition to Pisidia, in the Taurus Mountains. Cyrus starts out with about 15,220 men, of whom 10,400 are Greek mercenaries. When he reaches the Euphrates River at Thapsacus, he announces that he is marching against Artaxerxes II. He advances unopposed into Babylonia; but Artaxerxes, warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes, hastily gathers an army. The two forces meet in the Battle of Cunaxa, north of Babylon, where Cyrus is slain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242237123#Persian_empire", "title": "401 BC", "revid": 1242237123, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The catapult is invented by Greek engineers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_topic", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By topic"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Mature classical period of sculpture ends in Ancient Greece and is succeeded by the fourth-century (Late Classical) period (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_topic", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By topic"}}, {"year": -398, "year_label": "399 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Socrates, Greek philosopher (b. c. 470 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262065705#Deaths", "title": "399 BC", "revid": 1262065705, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -398, "year_label": "399 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The Greek philosopher Socrates is sentenced to death by Athenian authorities, condemned for impiety and the corruption of youth. He refuses to flee into exile and dies by drinking hemlock.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262065705#Greece", "title": "399 BC", "revid": 1262065705, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -372, "year_label": "373 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The ancient Greek city of Helike is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1080639284#Greece", "title": "373 BC", "revid": 1080639284, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (d. c. 285 BC) Chanakya", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Births", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Callisthenes of Olynthus, Greek historian (d. 327 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Births", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The fourth-century (Late Classical) period of sculpture ends in Ancient Greece and is succeeded by the Hellenistic period (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Art", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -317, "year_label": "318 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cassander, who has allied himself with Ptolemy and Antigonus, declares war on the regent, Polyperchon. Most of the Greek states support him, including Athens. Cassander further effects an alliance with Eurydice, the ambitious wife of King Philip III Arrhidaeus of Macedon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481410#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "318 BC", "revid": 1370481410, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -314, "year_label": "315 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus drives out Cassander's Macedonian forces of occupation from the Greek islands and forms the island cities in the Aegean into the \"League of the Islanders\", preparatory to his invasion of Greece. His ally, the city of Rhodes, furnishes him with the necessary fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539376#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "315 BC", "revid": 1367539376, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As Cassander fights to retain control over central Greece, Antigonus promises freedom to the Greek cities in a bid to gain support from them against Cassander.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Greece", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Births", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#Greece", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -296, "year_label": "297 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129350#Greece", "title": "297 BC", "revid": 1350129350, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -286, "year_label": "287 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Archimedes of Syracuse, Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer and philosopher (approximate date) (d. c. 212 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370523789#Births", "title": "287 BC", "revid": 1370523789, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -285, "year_label": "286 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1156902149#Greece", "title": "286 BC", "revid": 1156902149, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -284, "year_label": "285 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author (b. c. 350 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370920977#Deaths", "title": "285 BC", "revid": 1370920977, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Although he has only a few bases in Greece, Antigonus II Gonatas lays claim to Macedonia. His claim is disputed by Antiochus I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus's widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Asia_Minor", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Responding to an appeal from Tarentum, King Pyrrhus of Epirus uses his army of over 20,000 men against the Romans. In the Battle of Heraclea he defeats a Roman army led by consul Publius Valerius Laevinus. Pyrrhus's judicious use of his elephants plays a large part in his victory. Several tribes including the Lucani, Bruttii and the Messapians as well as the Greek cities of Crotone and Locri join Pyrrhus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Roman_Republic", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -270, "year_label": "271 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three \"shackles\" of Hellas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482485#Greece", "title": "271 BC", "revid": 1370482485, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Epicurus, Greek philosopher, author of an ethical philosophy of simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement (b. 341 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Deaths", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrho, Greek philosopher from Elis, credited as being the first skeptic philosopher and inspiration for the school known as Pyrrhonism (b. c. 360 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Deaths", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -242, "year_label": "243 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Without a declaration of hostilities, Greek statesman, Aratus of Sicyon, who has gradually built up the Achaean League into a major power in Greece, makes a surprise attack on Corinth and forces the withdrawal of the Macedonian occupation troops. Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus also desert the Macedonian King Antigonus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172722#Greece", "title": "243 BC", "revid": 1354172722, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Almost all of Greece falls under Macedonian suzerainty after Antigonus III re-establishes the Hellenic Alliance as a confederacy of leagues, with himself as president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Greece", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Greece", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman historian Quintus Fabius Pictor is sent to Delphi in Greece to consult the Oracle for advice about what Rome should do after its defeat in the Battle of Cannae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Roman_Republic", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Archimedes of Syracuse, Greek mathematician and scientist, who has calculated formulae for the areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders, parabolas and other plane and solid figures. He has also founded the science of hydrostatics, including the principle of the upthrust on a floating body which has led to his cry, \"Eureka\". Thirdly, he has invented siege-engines for use against the Romans and the Archimedean screw to raise water (b. c. 287 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Deaths", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Polybius, Greek historian, famous for his book called \"The Histories\" or \"The Rise of the Roman Empire\", covering in detail the period between 220 and 146 BC (d. 120 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Births", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal erects a bilingual Punic/Greek inscription describing his accomplishments in the temple of Juno Lacinia near Crotone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Roman_Republic", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Greece", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -197, "year_label": "198 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the Battle of the Aous, near modern Tepelenë in Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698641#Roman_Republic", "title": "198 BC", "revid": 1352698641, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After checking the ambitions of Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, the Roman forces under proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Greece", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -192, "year_label": "193 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018923#Greece", "title": "193 BC", "revid": 1213018923, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a group of Spartan exiles. His army demolishes the wall that the former tyrant of Sparta, Nabis, has built around Sparta. Philopoemen then restores Spartan citizenship to the exiles and abolishes Spartan law, introducing Achaean law in its place. Sparta's role as a major power in Greece ends, while the Achaean League becomes the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Greece", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -183, "year_label": "184 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With concerns rising in Rome over whether Philip V of Macedon is preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius Claudius Pulcher is sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece to observe Philip's activities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1283638793#Roman_Republic", "title": "184 BC", "revid": 1283638793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -178, "year_label": "179 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philip V, king of Macedonia from 221 BC, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece has occurred at a time of growing Roman involvement in Greek affairs and resulted in his military defeat by Rome (b. 238 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269446#Deaths", "title": "179 BC", "revid": 1209269446, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -173, "year_label": "174 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Roman general and statesman whose skillful diplomacy has enabled him to establish a Roman protectorate over Greece (b. c. 227 BC) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269072#Deaths", "title": "174 BC", "revid": 1209269072, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Private documents collected by the Romans when they capture Perseus of Macedon incriminate political leaders of the Achaean League. Many influential Greeks are deported to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Greece", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -161, "year_label": "162 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the aid of the Greek statesman and historian Polybius, the son of the former Seleucid king Seleucus IV Philopator, Demetrius escapes from Rome, where he has been held as a hostage for many years, and returns to Syria to claim the throne from his cousin Antiochus V. In the resulting dispute, Antiochus V and his regent, Lysias, are overthrown and put to death. Demetrius then establishes himself on the Seleucid throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480795#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "162 BC", "revid": 1370480795, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -150, "year_label": "151 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "At Polybius' request, Scipio Aemilianus manages to gain the support of the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (whose son has married Scipio's sister Aemilia) for a proposal to release (and return to Greece) the 300 Achaean internees who are still being held without trial after being deported to Rome in 167 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837944#Roman_Republic", "title": "151 BC", "revid": 1267837944, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -145, "year_label": "146 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Achaean War: The Romans conquer the Achaean League and southern Greece becomes a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354349690#Greece", "title": "146 BC", "revid": 1354349690, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -82, "year_label": "83 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Lucius Cornelius Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns in Greece and lands with his legions unopposed at Brundisium. He defeats the popular forces of Gaius Norbanus in the Battle of Mount Tifata.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369868116#Roman_Republic", "title": "83 BC", "revid": 1369868116, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}]}