{"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200441", "qid": "Q200441", "description": "ancient Greek city in southern Turkey", "entries": 84, "years": 81, "span": [-299, 1312], "span_label": ["300 BCE", "1312 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 39}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 17}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 13}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 23}, {"slug": "orontes-river", "label": "Orontes River", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "principality-of-antioch", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cilicia", "label": "Cilicia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "shapur-i", "label": "Shapur I", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "syriac-orthodox-church", "label": "Syriac Orthodox Church", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hamdanid-dynasty", "label": "Hamdanid dynasty", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -299, "year_label": "300 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus founds the city of Antioch, some 20 miles up the Orontes River, naming it after his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129363#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "300 BC", "revid": 1350129363, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus II leaves Berenice in order to live again with his former wife Laodice and his son Seleucus. However, Laodice poisons him and proclaims her son as King Seleucus II Callinicus, while her supporters in Antioch kill Berenice and her children who have taken refuge at Daphne, near Antioch, in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Egypt", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus crosses, with the help of Quintus Labienus, the Euphrates and invades Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, and the Parthians take Phoenicia and Judea. However, they cannot besiege the fortified city of Tyre, because they have no fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Parthia", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Parthia"}}, {"year": -3, "year_label": "4 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Herod the Great dies, which causes unrest in his client kingdom of Judea. His son, Herod Archelaus, becomes the new ruler. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea,and the governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, marches down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order; around 3000 Jews are crucified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 4 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso of having assassinated her husband Germanicus Julius Caesar in Antioch. However, there is no credible evidence and the charge is never proven. (In ancient times, when medical science was not advanced, poison was usually suspected whenever a young, healthy person died suddenly. There was no way to pinpoint and trace the substance after death; therefore, it was considered a quick, easy and non-traceable form of homicide.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 19 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 34, "year_label": "34 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "According to one dating scheme, Paul and Barnabas announce in Antioch that they will begin to evangelize the Gentiles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Europe", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 34 AD › Europe"}}, {"year": 37, "year_label": "37 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – An earthquake destroys Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Anatolia", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 37 AD › Anatolia"}}, {"year": 68, "year_label": "68 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ignatius of Antioch becomes the third bishop of Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330183058#Religion", "title": "AD 68", "revid": 1330183058, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 115, "year_label": "115 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake destroys Apamea and Antioch in Syria. The local bishop is held responsible (he will be martyred and remembered as St. Ignatius).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191693#Asia", "title": "AD 115", "revid": 1371191693, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 194, "year_label": "194 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310793#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 194", "revid": 1371310793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 195, "year_label": "195 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annex the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establishes his headquarters and the colonies there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314035#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 195", "revid": 1371314035, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 211, "year_label": "211 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Serapion of Antioch, patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189735#Deaths", "title": "211", "revid": 1371189735, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 230, "year_label": "230 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371190910#Persian_Empire", "title": "230", "revid": 1371190910, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 241, "year_label": "241 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Emperor Gordian III reaches Antioch and, with his army, prepares an offensive against the Sassanids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304577#Roman_Empire", "title": "241", "revid": 1371304577, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 242, "year_label": "242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Gordian III begins a campaign against King Shapur I, and leads victories at Antioch, Carrhae, Nisibis, and Resaina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192139#Roman_Empire", "title": "242", "revid": 1371192139, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 242, "year_label": "242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shapur I makes a pre-emptive attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans. Gordian's father-in-law, Timesitheus, leads a Roman army to defeat the Sassanids at Carrhae and Nisibis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192139#Persia", "title": "242", "revid": 1371192139, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 244, "year_label": "244 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Plotinus, Greek philosopher, escapes the bloodshed that accompanies the murder of Gordianus III and makes his way to Antioch. Back in Rome he founds his Neoplatonist school and attracts disciples like Porphyry, Castricius Firmus and Eustochius of Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227716#Art_and_Science", "title": "244", "revid": 1371227716, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 251, "year_label": "251 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sassanid King Shapur I orders an invasion of Syria, with the intent of finally capturing the city of Antioch during the campaign of 251–254.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188077#Persia", "title": "251", "revid": 1371188077, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch, destroys Dura-Europos, and sacks the Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates. A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 257, "year_label": "257 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, Syria from King Shapur I of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187339#Roman_Empire", "title": "257", "revid": 1371187339, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 272, "year_label": "272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Immae: Aurelian defeats the Palmyrene heavy cavalry (clibanarii) near Antioch. Queen Zenobia flees under cover of darkness to Emesa (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192173#Roman_Empire", "title": "272", "revid": 1371192173, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 322, "year_label": "322 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philogonius (or Filogonius), bishop of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335749710#Deaths", "title": "322", "revid": 1335749710, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 327, "year_label": "327 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on the Great Church of Antioch, which will be completed in 341.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622496#Religion", "title": "327", "revid": 1367622496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 337, "year_label": "337 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Eustathius the Great, patriarch of Antioch (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342549552#Deaths", "title": "337", "revid": 1342549552, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 341, "year_label": "341 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Council of Encaenia is held in Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317828287#Religion", "title": "341", "revid": 1317828287, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 351, "year_label": "351 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. The Roman garrison in the town of Diocesarea is wiped out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314902602#Roman_Empire", "title": "351", "revid": 1314902602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 354, "year_label": "354 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Libanius becomes a teacher of rhetoric in Antioch; his students include John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267529595#Religion", "title": "354", "revid": 1267529595, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation of King Arsaces of Armenia, who fights a bloody guerrilla war against the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Roman_Empire", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 363, "year_label": "363 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Emperor Julian departs from Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin Procopius to Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307501#Roman_Empire", "title": "363", "revid": 1367307501, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 373, "year_label": "373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur II declares war as a result of Valens' support of Armenia. Emperor Valens makes Antioch his military base for the campaign against Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742164#Persia", "title": "373", "revid": 1364742164, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 387, "year_label": "387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Theodosius I increases the taxes in Antioch. A peasant uprising leads to a riot, and public buildings are set afire. Theodosius sends imperial troops to quell the disturbance, and closes the public baths and theatres.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205014#Roman_Empire", "title": "387", "revid": 1349205014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Asia", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Flavian I is acknowledged as legitimate bishop of Antioch by the Church of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Religion", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Eustathian schism in Antioch is healed (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Religion", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 417, "year_label": "417 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Innocent I dies after a 16-year reign in which he has restored relations between the sees of Rome and Antioch, enforced celibacy of the clergy, and maintained the right of the bishop of Rome to judge appeals from other churches. Innocent is succeeded by Zosimus as the 41st pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640866#Religion", "title": "417", "revid": 1367640866, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 449, "year_label": "449 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maximus II becomes patriarch of Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354021999#Religion", "title": "449", "revid": 1354021999, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). Empress dowager Verina sends a letter to the governors of the Diocese of the East and the Diocese of Egypt for support. He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 511, "year_label": "511 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Riots erupt in the streets of Antioch, between supporters of Patriarch Flavian II and Emperor Anastasius I, in sympathy with Non-Chalcedonianism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740421#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "511", "revid": 1364740421, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Probably between May 20 and May 29 – 526 Antioch earthquake: A great earthquake kills approximately 250,000 people in Syria and Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Middle_East", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 528, "year_label": "528 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Natural disaster: A second earthquake strikes Antioch, killing thousands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793729#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "528", "revid": 1340793729, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Antioch is struck by an earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrow I breaks the \"Eternal Peace\" treaty with the Byzantine Empire after eight years. Responding to an embassy from the Ostrogoths urging action against Emperor Justinian I's expanding power, he leads the Persian army up the River Euphrates. Extracting tributes from towns along the way, Khosrau I besieges and captures Antioch. He plunders the city extensively, transporting valuable artworks, including marble statues and mosaics, back to Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Persia", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 611, "year_label": "611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802764#Persian_Empire", "title": "611", "revid": 1340802764, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Antioch: Heraclius mobilises a Byzantine expeditionary force to Antioch (Syria), but is completely defeated outside the city by the Persians. Shahin Vahmanzadegan makes further inroads into Central and Western Anatolia. In Syria, Shahrbaraz captures the cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate near Beit Shemesh (modern-day Israel). Heraclius, who is in Emesa, flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Iron Bridge: Rashidun forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the Byzantine army and Christian Arabs near Antioch, at the Orontes River. It marks the complete annexation of Syria into the Rashidun Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn–winter – The Byzantine general Heraclius, brother of Tiberios III, crosses the mountain passes of the Taurus Mountains into Cilicia with an army. He launches a campaign in Syria, defeats an Arab force from Antioch, and raids as far as Samosata (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Stephen IV, patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Deaths", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "859 Syrian coast earthquake. It affected the Mediterranean coast of Syria It caused almost the complete destruction of Latakia and Jableh, major damage at Antioch and led to many deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Syria", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "John III, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Deaths", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ignatius II, patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Deaths", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Theodosius Romanus, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Deaths", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Dionysius II, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Deaths", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into the theme of Lykandos, but are defeated. The Byzantines counter-attack and seize Germanikeia, defeating an army from Tarsus, and raiding as far south as Antioch. General (strategos) Theophilos Kourkouas captures Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum) after a 7-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Alexandretta: The Byzantines defeat a Fatimid force (4,000 men) near Alexandretta (modern Turkey), while the main Fatimid army is besieging the fortress city of Antioch. Coupled with news of an advance against Damascus of the Qarmatians, the Fatimids are forced to lift the siege and withdraw to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Middle_East", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 975, "year_label": "975 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor John I raids Mesopotamia and invades Syria, using the Byzantine base at Antioch to press southwards to Tripoli. He conquers the cities of Baalbek, Damascus, Sidon, Tiberias and Caesarea, but fails to take Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513424#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "975", "revid": 1341513424, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Asia › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Athanasius IV, Syrian patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Deaths", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Romanos III Argyros decides to retaliate upon the incursions of the Muslims on the eastern frontier. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force (20,000 men) to secure Antioch. The Mirdasid emir Shibl al-Dawla Nasr of Aleppo sues for peace, but Romanos refuses to negotiate and leads his army against Aleppo, against the advice of his generals. The Byzantine army encamped near Azaz, where they were encircled by the Mirdasids' Bedouin troops, who cut off the Byzantines from food and water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Seljuk Turks make incursions into Mesopotamia, Cilicia and Cappadocia. They sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea, move south through the Cilician Gates and raid the region around Antioch in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philaretos Brachamios abandons his claim to the Byzantine throne, on being appointed governor of Antioch, a foundation of the later Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Constance of France, princess of Antioch (d. 1125)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Births", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December", "text": "December – Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes (against his will) patriarch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Antioch (until 1129).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Religion", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1098, "year_label": "1098 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yaghi Siyan, Seljuk governor of Antioch (b. 1011)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163181#Deaths", "title": "1098", "revid": 1362163181, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1098, "year_label": "1098 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Siege of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I capture Antioch after a 8-month siege. He established secret contact with Firouz, an Armenian guard who controlled the \"Tower of the Two Sisters\". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates the Principality of Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163181#First_Crusade", "title": "1098", "revid": 1362163181, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#First_Crusade", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. From Antioch and Mamistra to Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Earthquake", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Events › By topic › Earthquake"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Baldwin II leads an expedition to Antioch to defend the northern Crusader states. He signs a 1-year truce with Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin, securing the possession of Kafartab and other fortresses in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Levant", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Levant", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1129, "year_label": "1129 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Athanasius VI bar Khamoro, patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329978071#Deaths", "title": "1129", "revid": 1329978071, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Battle of Inab: The Zangid army under Nur al-Din defeats the combined army of Raymond of Poitiers and the Assassins of Ali ibn Wafa at Inab. After the battle, Nur al-Din invades Antiochene territory and captures the fortresses of Artah and Harim. He then turns west to appear before the walls of Antioch itself and raids as far as St. Symeon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Levant", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1163, "year_label": "1163 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "date unknown – Constance of Antioch, ruler of Antioch (b. 1127) - or possibly early 1164", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359581472#Deaths", "title": "1163", "revid": 1359581472, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Athanasius VII bar Qatra, Syrian patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Deaths", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Saladin has reconquered the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem except for Tyre. The castles of Montréal and Kerak are captured by Muslim forces. In the north, Saladin has regained the Principality of Antioch except for Antioch and the castle of Al-Qusayr in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Levant", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the Göksu River near Selucia (modern-day Silifke) in Armenian Cilicia. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of vinegar. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches Antioch, on June 21.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Third_Crusade", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Amalric I, ruler of Cyprus, marries Princess Isabella I, daughter of the late King Amalric I. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of Jerusalem at Acre. On July 1, Amalric signs a truce with Al-Adil I, sultan of Egypt and Syria, securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Levant", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Leo I, King of Armenia (\"the Magnificent\"), with support of the Knights Hospitaller, reconquers the Principality of Antioch. Armenian troops enter Antioch while Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch (\"the One-Eyed\") is absent. The Knights Templar, supporting Bohemond, abandon the citadel, and Raymond-Roupen is installed as Prince of Antioch by the Latin Patriarch, Peter II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Levant", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Levant"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Louis IX sends Andrew of Longjumeau on a diplomatic mission to meet the \"Great Khan\" of the Mongol Empire. He carries letters from Louis and the Papal States, and rich presents, including a chapel-tent lined with scarlet cloth and embroidered with sacred pictures. From Cyprus he goes to the port of Antioch in Syria and travels for a year to the khan's court at Karakorum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1268, "year_label": "1268 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318265867#Asia", "title": "1268", "revid": 1318265867, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (until 1312).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Levant", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Michael II, Syrian Orthodox patriarch of Antioch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#Deaths", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Deaths"}}]}