{"slug": "apulia", "label": "Apulia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1447", "qid": "Q1447", "description": "region of Italy", "entries": 35, "years": 34, "span": [-465, 1537], "span_label": ["466 BCE", "1537 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "otranto", "label": "Otranto", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "brindisi", "label": "Brindisi", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "calabria", "label": "Calabria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "taranto", "label": "Taranto", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "samnites", "label": "Samnites", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "samnium", "label": "Samnium", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "southern-italy", "label": "Southern Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "naples", "label": "Naples", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Italy", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following their defeat by the Roman forces in Naples, the Samnites declare war on Rome starting the Second Samnite War. To help defeat the Samnites, the Romans make alliances with the peoples of Central Italy to the north of Samnium and with the Apulians to the southeast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Roman_Republic", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -315, "year_label": "316 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, with an eye to capturing Apulia, send an army (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) to seize the town of Lucera from the Samnites. They are badly beaten in the Battle of Lautulae and the Samnites go on to reach within 32 kilometres of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1007737454#Roman_Republic", "title": "316 BC", "revid": 1007737454, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus realizes that he cannot capture Rome and suggests peace terms to the Romans. Pyrrhus sends his chief advisor, Cineas, to Rome to negotiate a peace. Cineas demands that the Romans halt their aggression against the Greeks of southern Italy and restore the lands the Romans have taken from the Bruttii, the Apulians, and the Samnites. The Romans reject his demands, largely at the instigation of the former Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Roman_Republic", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal ravages Apulia and Campania; meanwhile the delaying tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus' army allows only skirmishes to occur between the two armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Roman_Republic", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following Hannibal's victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibal's forces. In Apulia, Lucania, Samnium and in Bruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Roman_Republic", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Herdonia is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces who are laying siege to Herdonia led by praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Roman army is destroyed, leaving Apulia free of Romans for the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Roman_Republic", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hannibal proves his superiority in tactics by inflicting a severe defeat at Herdonia in Apulia upon a proconsular army, slaying the consul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is elected consul for the fourth time and takes Salapia in Apulia, which has revolted and joined forces with Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is killed in battle while fighting Hannibal near Venusia, Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Roman_Republic", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Roman_Empire", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March", "text": "March – Totila bypasses Rome and begins his expedition in Southern Italy. He captures Beneventum and receives the submission of the provinces of Apulia, Lucania and Bruttium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Sack of Rome: After almost a year's siege, the capture of a grain fleet sent by the exiled Pope Vigilius near the mouth of the Tiber, and failure of troops of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius to relieve the city, the Ostrogoths under King Totila plunder Rome and destroy its fortifications. He then withdraws to Apulia (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Landulf I, prince of Benevento, supports an anti-Greek Apulian rebellion, ravaging several Byzantine strongpoints as far as Ascoli. The Apulian nobility, professing loyalty to the Byzantine Empire, appoints Landulf as stratego of the Theme of Longobardia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 — At the age of 12, Shabbethai Donnolo, who will become one of the most prominent physicians in Italy and the doctor to the Byzantine court, is kidnapped by Arab slavers as a Fatimid expeditionary force, led by Jafar ibn Obeid, lands in Abruzzo in southern Italy and overruns Apulia and the city of Otranto. After defeating the Byzantine garrisons, the Arabs lay siege to the castle of Oria and destroy it, killing the defenders and taking the women and children as slaves back to North Africa. Donnolo's family pays a ransom and the Fatimid Amir Abu Ahmad Ja'far ibn 'Ubaid sets him free.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Fatimid fleet under Sabir al-Fata raids Byzantine southern Italy. It captures a locality named al-Ghiran ('the caves') in Apulia and sacks the cities of Taranto and Otranto. The inhabitants are carried off to North Africa as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Italy", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Hungarian army led by Grand Prince Taksony campaigns in Italy, heading southwards on the eastern shore of the peninsula. It besieges Larino and reaches Otranto, plundering Apulia for three months. Berengar of Ivrea negotiates a truce and offers them a massive tribute (for which he imposes a special tax).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#Europe", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Otto I 'the Great', Holy Roman Emperor, assembles a large expeditionary force at Pavia, joined by Spoletan troops. He counter-attacks, relieves the siege of Capua and devastates the area around Naples. Otto enters Benevento, where he is received as 'liberator' by Landulf IV and in the cities of Apulia (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Europe", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emir Abu'l-Qasim launches a raiding expedition into Byzantine Italy from Sicily. He imposes a tribute on the cities of Cosenza and Cellere. Meanwhile, a Fatimid fleet assaults the Apulian coast and raids the surrounding countryside. Abu'l-Qasim sends an army to Otranto and besieges Gravina, before returning to Sicily – bringing home hundreds of captives and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Europe", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto II departs with an expeditionary force from Rome, and invades Apulia (Southern Italy) to punish the Saracens. He demands a fleet from Pisa, and imposes a trade embargo against Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Europe", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1017, "year_label": "1017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman, revolts and is supported by Norman mercenaries at Capua. He marches into Apulia to catch the Byzantine army off-guard. Melus defeats the Byzantines on the banks of the Fortore River and ravages the territory in Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212758#Europe", "title": "1017", "revid": 1342212758, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1041, "year_label": "1041 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Battle of Olivento: Norman troops and their Lombard allies, led by William Iron Arm, are victorious against the Byzantines at the feet of the Monte Vulture, near the River Olivento in Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267586#Europe", "title": "1041", "revid": 1365267586, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1042, "year_label": "1042 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Zoë recalls Synodianos, governor of the Catepanate of Italy, and replaces him with George Maniakes (the disgraced head of the Sicilian campaign). All of Apulia is in the hands of the Lombard rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130047#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1042", "revid": 1350130047, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Europe", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1069, "year_label": "1069 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Romanos IV sends a Byzantine fleet (supported with an army) to relieve the siege of Bari. The Normans under Robert Guiscard defeat the Byzantines, and occupy the cities of Gravina and Obbiano in Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243049384#Europe", "title": "1069", "revid": 1243049384, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, arrives in Apulia (Southern Italy) after an absence of 9 years. He travels to Rome and meets Pope Paschal II. His cousin, Roger II becomes count of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1106, "year_label": "1106 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bohemond I returns to Apulia (Southern Italy) with an expeditionary force to prepare an offensive against the Byzantines. He is accompanied by his newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266175#Europe", "title": "1106", "revid": 1365266175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1156, "year_label": "1156 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – King William I (the Bad) lands with a Sicilian expeditionary force in Apulia. He defeats the Byzantine army at Brindisi and recaptures Bari.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168074#Europe", "title": "1156", "revid": 1362168074, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Henry VI, son of the late Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), is crowned as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, together with his wife Constance by Pope Celestine III, on Easter Monday at Rome. Henry marches south and begins a campaign in Apulia. He besieges Naples, but encounters the resistance of Sicilian forces under Margaritus of Brindisi, who come to support the city's defense. Tusculum is destroyed by the rebel army of the Commune of Rome, on April 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III after he occupies Apulia in southern Italy. Otto annuls the Concordat of Worms and demands from Innocent recognition of the imperial crown's right. A German civil war breaks out, and Otto prepares an invasion against Frederick II, king of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Europe", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August", "text": "August – Emperor Frederick II musters a German expeditionary force in Apulia. The crowded conditions and high heat contribute to discontent and disease among the assembled troops. On September 24, an epidemic of malaria enfeebles the army at Brindisi. Several thousand Crusaders led by Henry IV, duke of Limburg, and French and English mercenaries under the bishops Peter des Roches and William Briwere, arrive at Acre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Europe", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – German forces under Manfred start an anti-papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains. He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia, on December 2.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Europe", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Ladislaus regains the throne of the Kingdom of Naples, after King Louis II of Anjou and his army have left the city to suppress a rebllion in Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#July–September", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – In Italy, King Ferdinand of Naples is forced to abandon the city of Venosa, the Albanian general Skanderbeg leads his cavalry in an attack on Venosa after an attack by the former king, Rene of Anjou and by General Jacopo Piccinino. Fleeing to Apulia, Ferdinand learns that the Albanian General Skanderbeg will soon arrive to fight the House of Anjou.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#April–June", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia, Otranto and Brindisi, in a campaign that would last until November 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#April–June", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}