{"slug": "arabian-peninsula", "label": "Arabian Peninsula", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31945", "qid": "Q31945", "description": "peninsula in Western Asia", "entries": 21, "years": 20, "span": [-25, 2019], "span_label": ["26 BCE", "2019 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "yemen", "label": "Yemen", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-aksum", "label": "Kingdom of Aksum", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "muhammad", "label": "Muhammad", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anastasius-i-dicorus", "label": "Anastasius I Dicorus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "agriculture", "label": "Agriculture", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ghassanids", "label": "Ghassanids", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "belisarius", "label": "Belisarius", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -25, "year_label": "26 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Disastrous campaign of Aelius Gallus in the Arabian Peninsula, then known as \"Arabia Felix\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369286058#Roman_Empire", "title": "26 BC", "revid": 1369286058, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I concludes treaties with a number of nomad tribes in northern Arabia. In return for tribute to the Byzantine Empire and military defense of these eastern territories, such tribes are permitted to settle and farm agricultural lands in Arabia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Africa", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman–Persian Wars: King Kavad I, assisted by his Arabian vassal, Al-Mundhir III, begins a campaign in the Transcaucasus region and Upper Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Persia", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of Dara: Belisarius and Hermogenes (magister officiorum) defeat a combined Persian-Arab army of 50,000 men at Dara (modern Turkey), by entrenching his infantry in a refused position in the centre line, then carrying out a cavalry envelopment to culminate a classic defensive-offensive battleplan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Persia", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Abraha, Christian ruler of coastal Yemen, who was acting as a general for the Christian kingdom in Abyssinia, begins a military expedition in Arabia against the predominantly pagan Quraysh of Mecca, known as the Year of the Elephant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Arabia", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian Empire overthrows the Axumite- and Byzantine-affiliated regimes in Yemen (Arabian Peninsula).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Asia", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of a quarrel between the Lakhmid kingdom (Southern Iraq) and King Khosrau II, the Persian frontier with Arabia is no longer guarded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Persia", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 614, "year_label": "614 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians destroy the Ghassanid Kingdom (Arabia), a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752346#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "614", "revid": 1364752346, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Muhammad, Islamic unifies all nomadic tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, converts them to Islam and prepares an expedition against the Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Arabia", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Arabian Peninsula is united under the central authority of Abu Bakr. This sets the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sassanid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Arabia", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Abu Musa al-Asha'ari, companion (sahabah) of Muhammad, establishes Hafar al-Batin, located in the northeastern region of the Arabian Peninsula. He orders the digging for new wells, along this desert route that Muslims travel from Iraq to Mecca for the Hajj (pilgrimage).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Arabian_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 691, "year_label": "691 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Maskin: An Umayyad army under caliph Abd al-Malik defeats the rebel forces in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). He reconquers the Arabian Peninsula, taking the holy city of Medina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806265#Arabian_Empire", "title": "691", "revid": 1340806265, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula destroy the then-Axum-controlled port of Adulis, thus causing the decline of Ethiopian Christianity on the African Red Sea coast (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Arabian_Empire", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city of Reims, to warn Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, of the Umayyad invasion in Gaul, and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet near Paris; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers of Austrasians, Neustrians, and Burgundians. Meanwhile, Arabians ravage the cities of Périgueux, Saintes, and Angoulême, then sack the basilica of Saint-Hilaire outside Poitiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berke–Hulagu war: Mongol forces under Berke Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, raid territory in the Caucasus belonging to his cousin Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate. Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on the Terek River, together with the Mamluk army led by Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), saving Palestine and Arabia from Ilkhanate occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Battle of al-Shihr on the Arabian Peninsula (in what is now Yemen): Troops from Portugal fight against the Kathiri Sultanate, ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, Al-Shihr, and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#January–March", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 is signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#January–March", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The Dubai Metro, the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula, officials opens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#September", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Pope Francis arrives in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, becoming the first pope to visit the Arabian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#February", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › February"}}]}