{"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q399", "qid": "Q399", "description": "sovereign state in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia", "entries": 141, "years": 135, "span": [-781, 2025], "span_label": ["782 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 74}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 26}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 16}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 10}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "azerbaijan", "label": "Azerbaijan", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "parthia", "label": "Parthia", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "georgia-country", "label": "Georgia (country)", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "tiridates-iii-of-armenia", "label": "Tiridates III of Armenia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -781, "year_label": "782 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "782 BC—Founding of Erebuni Fortress by the orders of King Argishtis I of Urartu at the site of current-day Yerevan, Armenia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1284850077#Events_and_trends", "title": "780s BC", "revid": 1284850077, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The country of Armenia is created. (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Middle_East", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -569, "year_label": "570 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Satrapy of Armenia is established as a province of the Achaemenid Empire. This is the first polity to bear the name Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129123#Events", "title": "570 BC", "revid": 1350129123, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -381, "year_label": "382 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Orontes I of Armenia (b. 425 BC), son of Artasyrus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328792#Deaths", "title": "382 BC", "revid": 1363328792, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander appoints Atropates as the satrap of Media while Mithrenes is appointed by Alexander as satrap of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -316, "year_label": "317 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Armenia's Persian satrap, Ardvates, frees his country from Macedonian control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173231#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "317 BC", "revid": 1354173231, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -283, "year_label": "284 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ardvates, governor and later ruler of Armenia who founds a dynasty that will rule until 211 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480303#Deaths", "title": "284 BC", "revid": 1370480303, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsames I, king of Armenia, Sophene and Commagene", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Deaths", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III's sister arranges for the removal of Armenia's king Xerxes, whom she has recently married. Antiochus III then divides the country into two satrapies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, two of Antiochus III's Armenian satraps, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene (Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -188, "year_label": "189 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The territory of Artsakh first became known for being inhabited by Armenians-notably within the city of Tigranakert, one of four cities named after Tigranes the Great in the ancient Armenian empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483432#Asia_Minor", "title": "189 BC", "revid": 1370483432, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -164, "year_label": "165 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artaxias I, king of Armenia, is taken captive by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes when he attacks Armenia. Artaxias is forced to recognize Antiochus IV's suzerainty over Armenia before he is released.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983876#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "165 BC", "revid": 1209983876, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Artavasdes I succeeds his father Artaxias I as king of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Armenia", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Armenia"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Artaxias I, king of Armenia who has ruled since 190 BC and the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty, whose members would rule the Kingdom of Armenia for nearly two centuries", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -99, "year_label": "100 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tigranes II of Armenia is placed on the Armenian throne by the Parthians in exchange for the cession of \"seventy valley\" (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643460#Asia_Minor", "title": "100 BC", "revid": 1355643460, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -94, "year_label": "95 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tigranes the Great becomes king of Armenia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371872188#Asia_Minor", "title": "95 BC", "revid": 1371872188, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sulla repulses Tigranes of Armenia from Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Roman_Republic", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -71, "year_label": "72 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cabira: Lucius Lucullus defeats King Mithridates VI and overruns Pontus. Mithridates flees to Armenia, ruled by his son-in-law Tigranes, who refuses to turn his father-in-law in to Lucius Lucullus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338545736#Roman_Republic", "title": "72 BC", "revid": 1338545736, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -69, "year_label": "70 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucullus captures Sinop, then invades Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329933586#Roman_Republic", "title": "70 BC", "revid": 1329933586, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -65, "year_label": "66 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tigranes II is forced to surrender, by a payment of 6,000 talents, and is reinstated by Pompey as a \"friend of the Roman people\" to hold Armenia as a buffer zone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1097162651#Roman_Republic", "title": "66 BC", "revid": 1097162651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -64, "year_label": "65 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tigranes of Armenia is defeated and captured by Pompey, thus ending all hostilities on the northeastern frontier of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209552386#Roman_Republic", "title": "65 BC", "revid": 1209552386, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -52, "year_label": "53 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artavasdes II becomes king of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862163#Armenia", "title": "53 BC", "revid": 1325862163, "section": "Events › By place › Armenia"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antony reorganizes Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raises troops from his allies: Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Canidius Crassus invades Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forces Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacifies Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regains Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antony advances into Armenia with an expeditionary force (16 legions) and marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -21, "year_label": "22 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369251712#Roman_Empire", "title": "22 BC", "revid": 1369251712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -19, "year_label": "20 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates II, king of Commagene (Armenia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341406329#Deaths", "title": "20 BC", "revid": 1341406329, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1, "year_label": "1 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "AD 1 – Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia, on the Euphrates. Rather than invading the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 12, "year_label": "12 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Armenian Artaxiad dynasty is overthrown by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 12 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 34, "year_label": "34 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome intervenes in Armenia (AD 34–37).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 34 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 53, "year_label": "53 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tiridates I, brother of Vologases I, comes to power in Armenia as an adversary of the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Caucasus", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 53 AD › Caucasus"}}, {"year": 54, "year_label": "54 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo arrives in the East and takes up an assignment as governor of Asia, with a secret brief from Nero and his chief ministers, Seneca and Burrus, to return Armenia to the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Anatolia", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 54 AD › Anatolia"}}, {"year": 56, "year_label": "56 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War between Rome and Parthia breaks out due to the invasion of Armenia by King Vologases I, who has replaced the Roman-supported ruler with his brother Tiridates I of Armenia. (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Roman_Empire", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 56 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 58, "year_label": "58 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman-Parthian War: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, commander in the East, launches his Armenian offensive against Parthia. He leads a Roman army (four legions) through the mountainous country of Armenia, against the fortress at Volandum, to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city; the legionnaires massacre the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Caucasus", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 58 AD › Caucasus"}}, {"year": 59, "year_label": "59 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman commander in the east, captures Tigranocerta in Mesopotamia. He installs Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Caucasus", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 59 AD › Caucasus"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 63, "year_label": "63 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia. He invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws from the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182489#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 63", "revid": 1330182489, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 75, "year_label": "75 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vespasian fortifies Armazi (Georgia) for the Iberian king Mithridates I. The Alans raid the Roman frontier in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364745397#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 75", "revid": 1364745397, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 114, "year_label": "114 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia and northern Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326111#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 114", "revid": 1330326111, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 161, "year_label": "161 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Parthians invade Armenia, and install their own candidate on the throne. A legion (perhaps Legio IX Hispana) is destroyed at Elegeia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301434#Parthian_Empire", "title": "AD 161", "revid": 1371301434, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": 162, "year_label": "162 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301532#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 162", "revid": 1371301532, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the war with Parthia: The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 171, "year_label": "171 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Armenia and Mesopotamia become protectorates of the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303100#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 171", "revid": 1371303100, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 216, "year_label": "216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus V (of Parthia) to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroys towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexes Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188509#Roman_Empire", "title": "216", "revid": 1371188509, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 224, "year_label": "224 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Battle of Hormozdgan: King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus V, destroying the Parthian Empire, and establishing the Sassanid Dynasty. Artabanus V's brother Vologases VI will continue to rule, with Armenian and Kushan support, over outlying parts of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882775#Parthia", "title": "224", "revid": 1367882775, "section": "Events › Roman Empire › Parthia"}}, {"year": 232, "year_label": "232 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191236#Roman_Empire", "title": "232", "revid": 1371191236, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 244, "year_label": "244 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus) declares himself co-emperor, and makes a controversial peace with the Sassanian Empire, withdrawing from their territory and giving Shapur 500,000 gold pieces. The Sassanians occupy Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227716#Roman_Empire", "title": "244", "revid": 1371227716, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 252, "year_label": "252 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shapur I invades Armenia, and appoints Artavazd VI as the new Armenian king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372042709#Persia", "title": "252", "revid": 1372042709, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 287, "year_label": "287 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Diocletian signs a peace treaty with King Bahram II of Persia, and installs the pro-Roman Arsacid Tiridates III as king over the western portion of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367363352#Roman_Empire", "title": "287", "revid": 1367363352, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 296, "year_label": "296 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian king Narseh invades Roman-held Upper Mesopotamia and Arsacid western Armenia, the latter territory being under the leadership of the pro-Roman king Tiridates III. With only a small army, Caesar Galerius fights three holding actions against Narseh's army in Mesopotamia. Somewhere in the open plains between Carrhae and Callinicum, Galerius' army suffers a defeat against the Persian army, which is both more numerous and contains superior numbers of high-quality cavalry. Nevertheless, Galerius succeeds in blunting the Persian offensive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076673#Roman_Empire", "title": "296", "revid": 1267076673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 297, "year_label": "297 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Satala: Galerius launches a surprise attack against Narseh's camp in western Armenia. The Romans sack the camp and capture Narseh's wives, sisters and daughters, including his Queen of Queens Arsane. Narseh is wounded and escapes to his empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349992933#Roman_Empire", "title": "297", "revid": 1349992933, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 297, "year_label": "297 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349992933#Roman_Empire", "title": "297", "revid": 1349992933, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 298, "year_label": "298 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Galerius restores Tiridates III to the throne of Armenia and invades the Sassanid Empire. His army marches through Adiabene, Atropatene, Susiana and Lower Mesopotamia. He then retakes the strategically important city of Nisibis in Upper Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339920738#Roman_Empire", "title": "298", "revid": 1339920738, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 299, "year_label": "299 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Peace of Nisibis: Emperor Diocletian signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years. The Persians accept Roman dominion over Armenia, the Caucasus, and Upper Mesopotamia. The pro-Roman ruler Tiridates III receives all of Armenia as far as the border with Atropatene. Mirian III of the Kingdom of Iberia is made a Roman client, and at some point in time, as a result of the treaty, Caucasian Albania will follow suit. Rome also gains five satrapies beyond the Tigris, which are perhaps given to Tiridates to administer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267078871#Roman_Empire", "title": "299", "revid": 1267078871, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 301, "year_label": "301 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Tiridates III (the Great) proclaims Christianity as the official state religion, making Armenia the first nation to adopt Christianity as its official religion (traditional date). Construction of the original Etchmiadzin Cathedral by Gregory the Illuminator begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365564128#Armenia", "title": "301", "revid": 1365564128, "section": "Events › By place › Armenia"}}, {"year": 315, "year_label": "315 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Hannibalianus, ruler of Armenia and Pontus (d. 337)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160516#Births", "title": "315", "revid": 1330160516, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 318, "year_label": "318 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gregory the Illuminator appoints his son Aristax as successor in the patriarchate of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160313#Religion", "title": "318", "revid": 1330160313, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 331, "year_label": "331 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Gregory the Illuminator withdraws to a small sanctuary in the Daranali province (Armenia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308906041#Religion", "title": "331", "revid": 1308906041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 383, "year_label": "383 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius I sends Flavius Stilicho as an envoy to the Persian court of King Shapur III at Ctesiphon, to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205021#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 383", "revid": 1349205021, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 386, "year_label": "386 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius I signs a peace treaty with King Shapur III; they divide Armenia into two kingdoms (vassal states). The treaty establishes friendly relations between the Roman Empire and Persia for the next 36 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220103#Roman_Empire", "title": "386", "revid": 1280220103, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 387, "year_label": "387 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Peace of Acilisene: King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205014#Persia", "title": "387", "revid": 1349205014, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur III dies after a reign in which he has partitioned Armenia with the Roman Empire. He is succeeded by his son Bahram IV, who becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Persia", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Deaths", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Asia", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 404, "year_label": "404 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641593#Religion", "title": "AD 404", "revid": 1367641593, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Veh Mihr Shapur, Sasanian military officer and Marzban of Armenia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Deaths", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian, who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Persia", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 456, "year_label": "456 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage, to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa, and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752999#Roman_Empire", "title": "456", "revid": 1364752999, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I refuses to pay a share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates, through which nomadic tribes have come for raids on Persia and the Byzantine Empire. King Kavadh I invades Armenia and captures Theodosiopolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 527, "year_label": "527 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I appoints Belisarius to command the Eastern army in Armenia and on the Byzantine-Persian frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793725#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "527", "revid": 1340793725, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Vitiges strengthens the garrisons of various towns and besieges Ariminum. Byzantine forces under the Armenian general Narses arrive at Picenum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Sittas, Byzantine general, suppresses a revolt in Armenia in protest against heavy taxation. During the campaign he is killed by Artabanes, leader of the revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I recalls Belisarius from Italy to handle the situation in Armenia. He arrives in Upper Mesopotamia and attacks the fortress city of Nisbis. After an unsuccessful siege he ravages the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lazic War – Justinian I sends a Byzantine army (30,000 men) to Armenia. The Persians, severely outnumbered, are forced to retreat, but at Dvin the Byzantines are defeated by a force of 4,000 men in an ambush, and are completely routed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 545, "year_label": "545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrau I signs a five year truce with the Byzantine Empire, but war continues to ravage the Caucasus region, especially in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799600#Persia", "title": "545", "revid": 1340799600, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mermeroes stations a garrison of 3,000 men in the stronghold of Petra, and marches to Armenia. The Persians, lacking sufficient supplies, secure the supply routes and plunder Lazica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Persia", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I appoints Bessas commander (magister militum) of Armenia, and entrusts him with the war in Lazica (Georgia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The churches of Lazica (Georgia) and Armenia split. While the Armenian Church remains independent, the Georgian church unites with the Byzantine Empire. This ecclesiastical union deepens political and cultural contact between the two states. As a sign of Lazica's status vis-à-vis Byzantium, Lazic princes are vested with honorific titles of the Byzantine court, including kouropalates, or \"minister of the imperial palace\" (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Religion", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591: Emperor Justin II refuses to pay the annual tribute to Khosrau I, putting an end to the 50-year peace treaty established ten years earlier. The Armenians are considered allies to the Byzantine Empire, and Justin sends a Byzantine army into Persian territory, besieging the fortress city of Nisibis (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid War: King Khosrau I seeks peace, but dies before an agreement can be reached. The Mesopotamian front becomes stalemated, and Maurice (magister militum of the East) fortifies the borders in Armenia and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Maurice elevates John Mystacon to magister militum per Orientem. He sends a Byzantine expeditionary force to Arzanene (Armenia), where they fight a pitched battle at the river Nymphius (Batman River).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Armenian bishop Kardutsat goes with 7 priests, on a missionary trip to the steppes north of the Caucasus. He succeeds in baptizing many Huns and in translating books into their language.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice defeats the Persian forces under Bahrām Chobin at Nisibis (modern Turkey), and drives them back into Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his \"friend and father\", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius advances with an expeditionary force (40,000 men) along the Araxes River, destroying the fortress city of Dvin, capital of Armenia, and Nakhchivan (modern Azerbaijan). At Ganzak, Heraclius defeats the Persian army and destroys the famous fire temple at Takht-e Soleymān, an important Zoroastrian shrine. He winters his army in Caucasian Albania to gather forces for the next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sweeps through southern Armenia with a 50,000-man expeditionary force, recapturing most of the Byzantine fortresses lost to the Persians ten and fifteen years earlier. The army of Shahrbaraz, still in Anatolia, is now cut off completely. Hearing from Byzantine agents (showing him letters) that King Khosrau II, dissatisfied with his failure to capture Constantinople, is planning to have him executed, he surrenders to Heraclius, refusing to join the Byzantine army against his ungrateful sovereign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II recognises Theodore Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia, after his successful campaign against the Muslims. He names him commander (nakharar) of the Armenian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II voluntarily surrenders Armenia to the Arabs, following a truce with Muawiyah, governor of Syria. Muawiyah grants the Armenians virtual autonomy, and appoints the nakharar Theodor Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 659, "year_label": "659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Constans II signs a peace treaty with the Rashidun Caliphate. He uses the pause to strengthen his defences, and consolidates Byzantine control over Armenia. Constans establishes the themata, dividing territorial command in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804363#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "659", "revid": 1340804363, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Muawiyah I receives an invitation from Saborios, Byzantine commander of the troops in Armenia, to help overthrow Constantine IV in Constantinople. He sends a Muslim army under his son Yazid, against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Arabian_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 692, "year_label": "692 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslims conquer Armenia, Iberia and Colchis, the last remaining Byzantine holdings east of the Taurus Mountains. Emperor Justinian II is forced to agree to joint Byzantine-Arab control of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806257#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "692", "revid": 1340806257, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 699, "year_label": "699 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad troops invade Armenia, and secure the submission of Prince Smbat VI Bagratuni. The South Caucasus becomes a viceroyalty called al-Arminiya, and is divided into four regions: Caucasian Albania, Caucasian Iberia, the area around the Aras River, and Taron (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806595#Umayyad_Caliphate", "title": "699", "revid": 1340806595, "section": "Events › By place › Umayyad Caliphate"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Umayyad prince Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures the Byzantine stronghold of Theodosiopolis in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Arabian_Empire", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Umayyad prince Muhammad ibn Marwan invades the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates; local commander Baanes surrenders before a large Arab army, and the population accepts a Muslim governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Arabian_Empire", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 702, "year_label": "702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion against Muslim rule breaks out, with Byzantine support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807070#Arabian_Empire", "title": "702", "revid": 1340807070, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: The Muslim Arabs under Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik (a son of caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan) invade Armenia and subdue the anti-Arab revolt along with his uncle Muhammad ibn Marwan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Arabian_Empire", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion is suppressed by Muhammad ibn Marwan. He captures and deports Smbat VI Bagratuni and other leading princes. Many of the captured nakharar are gathered into churches and burned alive at Nakhchevan (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Battle of Bagrevand: The Abbasids put an end to an Armenian rebellion. Muslim control over Transcaucasia is solidified, while several major Armenian nakharar families, notably the Mamikonian, lose power and flee to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Arab_Caliphate", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Caliphate"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Harun al-Rashid reaches as far as Chrysopolis, across the Bosporus Straits from the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. After the defection of the Armenian general Tatzates, Empress Irene accepts a three-year truce, including the annual payment of a tribute of 70,000 or 90,000 gold dinars, and the handing over of 10,000 silk garments. Harun releases all his captives (5,600 men), including chief minister Staurakios and other hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Abbasid_Empire", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire"}}, {"year": 820, "year_label": "820 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ashot I (\"the Great\"), king of Armenia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013367#Births", "title": "820", "revid": 1345013367, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 850, "year_label": "850 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Smbat I, king of Armenia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129147#Births", "title": "850", "revid": 1341129147, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 874, "year_label": "874 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The monastery of Sevanavank, located on the shore of Lake Sevan (Armenia), is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347164206#Religion", "title": "874", "revid": 1347164206, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 890, "year_label": "890 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ashot I (the Great), king of Armenia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373061013#Deaths", "title": "890", "revid": 1373061013, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Eurasia", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Eurasia"}}, {"year": 906, "year_label": "906 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "906 K'argop' earthquake: It takes place in the monastery K'argop', Armenia. The monastery is also known as Xotakerk', the monastery of the Vegetarians. The earthquake occurs approximately 150 years following the 735 Vayots Dzor Province earthquake, and affects the same region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364979263#Armenia", "title": "906", "revid": 1364979263, "section": "Events › By place › Armenia"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sevan: Sajid forces under Yusuf Beshir invade Armenia and besiege King Ashot II near Lake Sevan. After gathering a small force he attacks Beshir's camps and drives the enemy out of the country. Ashot starts a counter-offensive to rebuild the ruined cities and fortresses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Arabian_Empire", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ashot II, king of Armenia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Deaths", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abas I, king of the Bagratuni dynasty (Armenia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Deaths", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 989, "year_label": "989 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Kiurike I, king of Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624689#Deaths", "title": "989", "revid": 1357624689, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ashot-Sahak, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Deaths", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "995 Balu earthquake. It reportedly affected the Armenian areas of Balu, Cop'k (or Covk'), Palnatun (or Palin), and the districts of Hasteank and Xorjean. The areas affected were districts in what is currently the border area between Armenia and Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Armenia", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Asia › Armenia"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gurgen IV, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Deaths", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The 17-year-old Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, to set off for Asia to meet the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) at his court in Beijing, China. They sail across the Mediterranean Sea and travel overland, crossing Armenia, Persia and the Pamir Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Europe", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1273, "year_label": "1273 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Holy Redeemer khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of that style of art, is carved in Haghpat (modern Armenia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364847849#Art_and_Science", "title": "1273", "revid": 1364847849, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the Mamluk Sultanate and take the city of Jerusalem. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from Tabriz through Armenia to Trebizond. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Rumkale (Qal'at ar-Rum, \"Castle of the Romans\"), the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Levant", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Bairam Khawaja establishes the independent principality of the Kara Koyunlu (Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire), in modern-day Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#Date_unknown", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Qara Muhammad succeeds Bairam Khawaja, as ruler of the Kara Koyunlu (\"Black Sheep Turkomans\"), in modern-day Armenia and northern Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#Unknown_Date", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › Unknown Date"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – John II of Cyprus, King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. 1458)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#Births", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – At Erciş in what is now Turkey, Iskandar ibn Yusuf is crowned as the Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northern Iraq, northern Armenia and all of Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#July–September", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December – In the Middle East, traveller Pietro Della Valle marries Jowaya, daughter of a Nestorian Christian father and an Armenian mother, in Baghdad. The couple then sets off (1617) to find the Shah in Isfahan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#November-December", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › November-December"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Battle of Halidzor in Armenia: A small group of defenders overcomes a much larger Ottoman Empire army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#January–March", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#October–December", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#April", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#May", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#December", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#January", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The Bishkek Protocol between Armenia and Azerbaijan is signed in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, effectively freezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#May", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Armenian parliament shooting: Gunmen open fire in Armenia's National Assembly building, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchyan, and six other members.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#October", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Armenia and Azerbaijan join the Council of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#January", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908, en route from Tehran, Iran, to Yerevan, Armenia crashes into the Jannatabad village in Qazvin Province; killing all 168 on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#July", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Parliamentary elections were held in Armenia on 9 December 2018.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#December", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – The Armenian military calls for prime minister Nikol Pashinyan to resign. Pashinyan accuses the military of attempting a coup d'état.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#February", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes: Azerbaijan attacks Armenian positions near the cities of Vardenis, Goris, Sotk and Jermuk, and occupies certain areas of its territory along the Armenia–Azerbaijan border. Over the next few days, more than 100 Armenian soldiers are killed in the clashes, while Azerbaijan acknowledges 71 fatalities among its forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#September", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan launches a military offensive against the Armenia-backed Republic of Artsakh, which ends with a swift Azerbaijani victory. Protests erupt in Armenia, Artsakh announces the dissolution of government institutions, and over 100,000 ethnic Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#September", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Armenia and Azerbaijan sign a peace deal to end 37-year-old hostilities regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#August", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › August"}}]}