{"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12824780", "qid": "Q12824780", "description": "Asian part of Turkey", "entries": 84, "years": 78, "span": [-643, 1488], "span_label": ["644 BCE", "1488 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 64}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "lysimachus", "label": "Lysimachus", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "phrygia", "label": "Phrygia", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ptolemy-i-soter", "label": "Ptolemy I Soter", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "seleucus-i-nicator", "label": "Seleucus I Nicator", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "antigonus-i-monophthalmus", "label": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "lycia", "label": "Lycia", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -643, "year_label": "644 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cimmerian forces from Anatolia conquer Sardis and reach the peak of their power. King Gyges of Lydia has spent most of his 28-year reign fighting his southern and western neighbors in an effort to gain suzerainty over all of Western Asia Minor. He has helped the rebellion of Psamtik I, but he receives no support from his erstwhile Assyrian ally Ashurbanipal. Gyges falls in a battle against the Cimmerians under king Tugdamme (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510229#Asia_Minor", "title": "644 BC", "revid": 1370510229, "section": "Events › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -506, "year_label": "507 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Athenians send an embassy to the Achaemenid satrap of Asia Minor - in the capital city of Sardis - for help in defending against Spartan threats, but refuse to accept Persian terms, which demanded the return of Hippias' tyranny.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355216974#Greece", "title": "507 BC", "revid": 1355216974, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -498, "year_label": "499 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in c. 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129380#Greece", "title": "499 BC", "revid": 1350129380, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Cimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Greece", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades helps stir up revolts amongst Athens' allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. However, Alcibiades loses the confidence of the Spartans and antagonises their king Agis II. As a result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring with the oligarchic party in Athens, as Sparta's allied cities break away in a series of revolts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Greece", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians under Darius II see their opportunity to play off one Greek city-state against another and to recover control of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, which have been under Athenian control since 449 BC. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, are ordered to collect overdue tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Persian_Empire", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Darius II of Persia decides to continue the war against Athens and give support to the Spartans. His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap (governor) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Persian_Empire", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emerging after the Spartan victory at Aegospotami, the former Athenian leader, Alcibiades, takes refuge in Phrygia in northwestern Asia Minor with the Persian satrap, Pharnabazus, and seeks their assistance for the Athenians. The Spartans discover his plans and arrange with Pharnabazus to have him assassinated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Greece", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes II, king of Persia, appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Asia Minor over which Artaxerxes II's brother Cyrus had been governor before his revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Theodorus from Phokaia in Asia Minor, builds the Tholos of Delphi, the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia in Delphi (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_topic", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By topic"}}, {"year": -396, "year_label": "397 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Called on by the Ionians to assist them against the Persian King Artaxerxes II, King Agesilaus II of Sparta launches an ambitious campaign in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698502#Greece", "title": "397 BC", "revid": 1352698502, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Greece", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -354, "year_label": "355 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artaxerxes III of Persia forces Athens to conclude a peace which requires the city to leave Asia Minor and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343188193#Greece", "title": "355 BC", "revid": 1343188193, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -346, "year_label": "347 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built town of Assus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556206#Philosophy", "title": "347 BC", "revid": 1326556206, "section": "Events › By topic › Philosophy"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following his assassination, Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. Suspecting the princes of the Lynkestis region of killing Phillip II, Alexander executes them all. The League of Corinth promotes Alexander to general of a unified Greek army for its planned invasion of Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Macedonia", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor, but are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Macedonia", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander's victory exposes western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most of the cities in the region hasten to open their gates. The Ionian city of Miletus defies Alexander and he has to subdue it through a siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Macedonia", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -332, "year_label": "333 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Alexander of Macedonia conquers western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of Lycia and Pisidia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361013620#Events", "title": "333 BC", "revid": 1361013620, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -320, "year_label": "321 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antipater appoints Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor and sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359962346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "321 BC", "revid": 1359962346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -320, "year_label": "321 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359962346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "321 BC", "revid": 1359962346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -319, "year_label": "320 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipater and his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls the Cappadocia and Pontus areas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1166431272#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "320 BC", "revid": 1166431272, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -318, "year_label": "319 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes allies himself with the regent Polyperchon. He manages to escape from the siege of Nora, and his forces soon threaten Syria and Phoenicia. Polyperchon recognises Eumenes as the royal general in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1222246653#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "319 BC", "revid": 1222246653, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With his western border thus strengthened, Cassander sends Prepelaus, one of his top generals, with an army to Asia Minor to aid his ally Asander.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Greece", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prepelaus arrives in Caria and starts making plans with Asander. They decide on a surprise attack on Ptolemy, the commander of Antigonus' forces in western Asia Minor. Eupolemus, one of Prepelaus' lieutenants, is sent with 8,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. However, some deserters from Eupolemus' strike force betray their plans to Ptolemy who quickly gathers 8,300 infantry and 600 cavalry from their winter quarters and marches against Eupolemus. In the middle of the night Ptolemy launches a surprise attack on Eupolemus' camp capturing the entire force with ease.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Asia_Minor", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus, after finding a pass across the Taurus Mountains that was still open, marches his main army into Asia Minor and goes into winter quarters in Celaenae in Phrygia. Meanwhile, Antigonus' admiral Medius is ordered to sail the new Antigonid fleet from Phoenicia into the Aegean. On route he captures one of Cassander's fleets (the one that had escorted Prepelaus to Asia Minor).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Asia_Minor", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Telesphorus comes to the aid of Oreus from the Peloponnese with 20 ships and 1,000 infantry, while Antigonid admiral Medius sails to relieve Oreus with a 100 ships from Asia Minor; they break Cassander's blockade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Greece/Macedon/Thrace", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Greece/Macedon/Thrace"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Asia_Minor/Syria/Palestina", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina"}}, {"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#Greece", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus proclaims himself king of Asia Minor and northern Syria thus commencing the Antigonid dynasty. He appoints his son Demetrius king and co-regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Syria", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -301, "year_label": "302 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372589595#Asia_Minor", "title": "302 BC", "revid": 1372589595, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -300, "year_label": "301 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria, Asia Minor, Phoenicia and Judea, and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes are defeated by the forces of Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554911#Asia_Minor", "title": "301 BC", "revid": 1326554911, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -296, "year_label": "297 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129350#Greece", "title": "297 BC", "revid": 1350129350, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -287, "year_label": "288 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373136664#Greece", "title": "288 BC", "revid": 1373136664, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -286, "year_label": "287 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius besieges Athens without success. He leaves Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, assembles all his ships and embarks with his troops to attack Caria and Lydia, provinces in Asia Minor controlled by Lysimachus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370523789#Greece", "title": "287 BC", "revid": 1370523789, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -285, "year_label": "286 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1156902149#Greece", "title": "286 BC", "revid": 1156902149, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -283, "year_label": "284 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480303#Asia_Minor", "title": "284 BC", "revid": 1370480303, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Asia_Minor", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -277, "year_label": "278 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. The Seleucid king Antiochus wins a major battle over the Gauls leading to his being given the title of Soter (Greek for \"saviour\"). The Gauls settle down to become the \"Galatians\" and are paid 2,000 talents annually by the Seleucid kings to keep the peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129454#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "278 BC", "revid": 1350129454, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philetaerus, founder (reigned from 282 BC) of the Attalid kingdom of Pergamum, in northwest Asia Minor (b. c. 343 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#Deaths", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -260, "year_label": "261 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The new Seleucid king Antiochus II reaches an agreement with the king of Macedonia, Antigonus II Gonatas, to work together in trying to push Ptolemy II's fleet and armies out of the Aegean Sea. With Macedonia's support, Antiochus II launches an attack on Ptolemaic outposts in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278727971#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "261 BC", "revid": 1278727971, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -243, "year_label": "244 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482239#Greece", "title": "244 BC", "revid": 1370482239, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Egypt", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -87, "year_label": "88 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August", "text": "August: The consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla becomes the first Roman commander to march on Rome with his army and to capture the city by force. This extraordinary act is prompted by his desire to maintain his proconsular command for the First Mithridatic War in Asia Minor. Sulla then murdered his enemy P. Sulpicius Rufus and forced Gaius Marius to flee to Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703284#Roman_Republic", "title": "88 BC", "revid": 1325703284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -65, "year_label": "66 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The lex Manilia, supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1097162651#Roman_Republic", "title": "66 BC", "revid": 1097162651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refuse to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieges Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdraw into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) force the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens make a last stand by the temple of Sarpedon and, as night falls, the Roman army conquers the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Labienus occupies Cilicia and marches, with an army, into Anatolia. Most cities surrender without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restore their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire. Labienus proclaims himself \"Parthian Emperor\" of Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Asia_minor", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor"}}, {"year": -38, "year_label": "39 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326022052#Roman_Republic", "title": "39 BC", "revid": 1326022052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antony reorganizes Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raises troops from his allies: Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. Sextus escapes with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -34, "year_label": "35 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Titius arrives in Syria with a large army and marches to Asia Minor. Sextus is caught in Miletus and executed without trial.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862738#Roman_Republic", "title": "35 BC", "revid": 1325862738, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles, ships them across to Asia Minor and marches into Syria where Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 43, "year_label": "43 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_43", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 43"}}, {"year": 128, "year_label": "128 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188336#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 128", "revid": 1371188336, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 193, "year_label": "193 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor): Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310592#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 193", "revid": 1371310592, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 220, "year_label": "220 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227417#Roman_Empire", "title": "220", "revid": 1371227417, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire, and the Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 258, "year_label": "258 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trapezus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368343947#Roman_Empire", "title": "258", "revid": 1368343947, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 260, "year_label": "260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187251#Persia", "title": "260", "revid": 1371187251, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 261, "year_label": "261 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus usurpers: The rebellion of Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor, and Quietus against Gallienus comes to an end. They march from Asia to Europe but they are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus' general Aureolus, and both Macrianus Major and Macrianus Minor are killed. Quietus flees to Emesa, where he is killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188936#Roman_Empire", "title": "261", "revid": 1371188936, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 262, "year_label": "262 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths invade Asia Minor and destroy the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890529#Roman_Empire", "title": "262", "revid": 1325890529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tacitus campaigns successfully against the Goths who have invaded Asia Minor, and his half-brother, the praetorian prefect Marcus Annius Florianus, continues the campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Probus drives the Alans off to Asia Minor and suppresses the revolt in Gaul; Proculus is executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 284, "year_label": "284 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor) on his way home to Rome. Suffering from an inflammation of the eyes, he travels in a closed litter in which soldiers find his decaying corpse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344146405#Roman_Empire", "title": "284", "revid": 1344146405, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 318, "year_label": "318 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine the Great gives the ancient Roman town Drepana (Asia Minor) the name Helenopolis, after his mother Helena, and builds a church in honour of the martyr St. Lucian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160313#Roman_Empire", "title": "318", "revid": 1330160313, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 364, "year_label": "364 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Emperor Jovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent at Tyana (Asia Minor) en route back to Constantinople, in suspicious circumstances.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332420284#Roman_Empire", "title": "364", "revid": 1332420284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 497, "year_label": "497 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. Anastasius I pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907664#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "497", "revid": 1364907664, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 621, "year_label": "621 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius concludes a peace agreement (in exchange for an annual tribute) with the Avars on the Balkan Peninsula, giving him a free hand to assemble Byzantine forces in Asia Minor, for non-military expenditure against the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755711#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "621", "revid": 1364755711, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sarus: Heraclius is victorious in a Byzantine assault river crossing. The reinforced Persians under Shahrbaraz are defeated along the Sarus River, near Adana (modern Turkey). Heraclius recaptures Cappadocia and Pontus, and returns to Trapezus to spend the winter. Shahrbaraz retreats in good order, and is able to continue his advance through Asia Minor towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius creates a buffer zone (or no man's land) in the heartland of Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major Muslim invaders, and instead attacks raiding parties on their return when they are laden with booty, captured livestock or prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Masts: Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine fleet (500 ships), and sets off to challenge the Arab navy. He sails to the province of Lycia (now in Turkey) in the southern region of Asia Minor. The two forces meet off the coast of Mount Phoenix, near the harbour of Phoenix (modern Finike). The Arabs under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad are victorious in battle, although losses are heavy for both sides. Constans barely escapes to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 707, "year_label": "707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Asia Minor, and lays siege to Tyana (Cappadocia). The fortress city resists, dragging the siege through the winter and into 708.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807099#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 707", "revid": 1340807099, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Leo III secures the Byzantine frontier, by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts of the Thracesian Theme (western Asia Minor). He undertakes a set of civil reforms, and reorganizes the theme structure in the Aegean region. Leo's 2-year-old son Constantine V is associated on the throne, and married to Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar ruler (khagan) Bihar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack the fortress city of Gangra, but unsuccessfully lay siege to Nicaea (northwestern Anatolia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 745, "year_label": "745 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Bubonic plague in Asia Minor kills 1/3 of the population, and subsequently sweeps through the Peloponnese (Balkan Peninsula) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906475#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "745", "revid": 1364906475, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab forces (95,000 men) under Harun al-Rashid, son of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, cross the Taurus Mountains and capture the Byzantine border fortress of Magida. Harun leaves his lieutenant Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus to besiege the city of Nakoleia (Phrygia), while another force (30,000 men), probably under Yahya ibn Khalid, is sent to raid the western coastlands of Asia Minor. Harun himself, with the main army, advances to the Opsician Theme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Abbasid_Empire", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February", "text": "February – A major earthquake strikes Byzantium in Asia Minor (now part of western Turkey) and part of Greece, damaging the city walls of Theodosiopolis (now Barbaros in Turkey) and Heraclea Perinthus at the same time that the forces of Byzantine Emperor Michael II the Amorian are suppressing the rebellion by Thomas the Slav. Both cities surrender after the natural event.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#By_date", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Events › By date"}}, {"year": 948, "year_label": "948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into Asia Minor. The Byzantines respond with reprisals led by Leo Phokas the Younger, taking captives and razing the walls of Hadath (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512591#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "948", "revid": 1341512591, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Asia › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1032, "year_label": "1032 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) sends a Byzantine expeditionary army under General Michael Protospatharios, which includes Western auxiliaries and elite troops of Asia Minor, to reinforce the Byzantine position in Calabria (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215247#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1032", "revid": 1342215247, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1488, "year_label": "1488 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – The Mamluk Sultanate defeats the Ottoman Empire Army in the Battle of Aga-Cayiri fought in the Cilicia region of Asia Minor, now in Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368209981#July–September", "title": "1488", "revid": 1368209981, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}