{"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524", "qid": "Q1524", "description": "capital and largest city of Greece", "entries": 289, "years": 212, "span": [-1649, 2006], "span_label": ["1650 BCE", "2006 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 125}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 34}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 31}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 27}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 25}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 14}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 42}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 26}, {"slug": "pericles", "label": "Pericles", "shared": 23}, {"slug": "thebes-greece", "label": "Thebes, Greece", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 17}, {"slug": "acropolis", "label": "Acropolis", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "ancient-corinth", "label": "Ancient Corinth", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "boeotia", "label": "Boeotia", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "philip-ii-of-macedon", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "alcibiades", "label": "Alcibiades", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "demosthenes", "label": "Demosthenes", "shared": 12}], "items": [{"year": -1649, "year_label": "1650 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 1650 BC — \"Flotilla\" fresco, from Room 5 of West House, Akrotiri (prehistoric city), Thera, is made. Second Palace period. It is now kept in National Archaeological Museum, Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242605770#Events_and_trends", "title": "1650s BC", "revid": 1242605770, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1555, "year_label": "1556 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "1556 BC—Cecrops I builds or rebuilds Athens following the great flood of Deucalion and the end of the Silver age. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life account is considered part of Greek mythology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694621#Events_and_trends", "title": "1550s BC", "revid": 1361694621, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1233, "year_label": "1234 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "1234 BC – Theseus of Athens begins his 30-year reign (if the end of his reign is agreed to have ended in 1204 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151237#Events_and_trends", "title": "1230s BC", "revid": 1307151237, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -695, "year_label": "696 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "696 BC—Pantacles of Athens wins the stadion race at the 21st Olympic Games.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292140577#Events_and_trends", "title": "690s BC", "revid": 1292140577, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -657, "year_label": "658 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the rule of Miltiades in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510328#Events", "title": "658 BC", "revid": 1370510328, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -607, "year_label": "608 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "608 BC—Birth of Peisistratus, ruler of Athens", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361563473#Significant_people", "title": "600s BC (decade)", "revid": 1361563473, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Athens is suffering severe economic problems (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Western_Europe", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": -565, "year_label": "566 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first known Panathenaic Games of Ancient Greece are conducted in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129129#Athens", "title": "566 BC", "revid": 1350129129, "section": "Events › By place › Athens"}}, {"year": -559, "year_label": "560 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Calf bearer (Moscophoros), from the Acropolis, Athens is made. It is now displayed at the Acropolis Museum, Athens (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321464048#Events", "title": "560 BC", "revid": 1321464048, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -557, "year_label": "558 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Solon, Athenian statesman and poet", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372781892#Deaths", "title": "558 BC", "revid": 1372781892, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -555, "year_label": "556 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Pisistratus is expelled to Euboea from Athens, and makes his fortune from Thrace's mines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356471115#Events", "title": "556 BC", "revid": 1356471115, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -547, "year_label": "548 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Megakles II (born 595 BC), Athenian statesman, son of Alkmaion II, grandson of Megakles I, and husband to Agariste of Sicyon", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303256206#Deaths", "title": "548 BC", "revid": 1303256206, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -545, "year_label": "546 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Peisistratus takes power in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352091653#Events", "title": "546 BC", "revid": 1352091653, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -542, "year_label": "543 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos. (approximate)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129131#Events", "title": "543 BC", "revid": 1350129131, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -535, "year_label": "536 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Phrynaeus is appointed archon of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342715030#Events", "title": "536 BC", "revid": 1342715030, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -533, "year_label": "534 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Competitions for tragedy are instituted at the City Dionysia festival in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342714582#Europe", "title": "534 BC", "revid": 1342714582, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": -529, "year_label": "530 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Kroisos Kouros, from a cemetery at Anavysos near Athens, is made. It is now at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342712884#Art_and_architecture", "title": "530 BC", "revid": 1342712884, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and architecture"}}, {"year": -529, "year_label": "530 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis in Athens, is made. It is now at Acropolis Museum, Athens (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342712884#Art_and_architecture", "title": "530 BC", "revid": 1342712884, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and architecture"}}, {"year": -526, "year_label": "527 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "527 BC—Peisistratos a tyrant of Athens dies: his son Hippias inherits his power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365042826#Events", "title": "520s BC", "revid": 1365042826, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -526, "year_label": "527 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "527 BC—Peisistratos, Athenian tyrant", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365042826#Deaths", "title": "520s BC", "revid": 1365042826, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -513, "year_label": "514 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus and co-ruler of Athens, is assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogeiton at the Panathenaea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340379604#Greece", "title": "514 BC", "revid": 1340379604, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -510, "year_label": "511 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Greek tragic poet Phrynicus wins his first theatrical contest in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326557270#Events", "title": "511 BC", "revid": 1326557270, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -509, "year_label": "510 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hippias, tyrant of Athens, is expelled by his people with the assistance of Cleomenes, King of Sparta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129120#Europe", "title": "510 BC", "revid": 1350129120, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": -506, "year_label": "507 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cleisthenes takes power in the city-state of Athens and institutes reforms that lead historians to consider him the father of democracy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355216974#Greece", "title": "507 BC", "revid": 1355216974, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -500, "year_label": "501 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cleisthenes reforms the democracy in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322276305#Mediterranean", "title": "501 BC", "revid": 1322276305, "section": "Events › By place › Mediterranean"}}, {"year": -497, "year_label": "498 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens and Eretria respond to the Ionian plea for help against Persia and send troops. An Athenian and Eretrian fleet transports Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes (the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138296#Greece", "title": "498 BC", "revid": 1373138296, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -495, "year_label": "496 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hipparchos, son of Charmos (a relative of the 6th century BC tyrant Peisistratus), wins the archonship of Athens as leader of the peace party which argues that resistance against the Persians is useless.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129351#Greece", "title": "496 BC", "revid": 1350129351, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -495, "year_label": "496 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and statesman (d. 406 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129351#Births", "title": "496 BC", "revid": 1350129351, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -494, "year_label": "495 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pericles, Athenian politician (d. 429 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129364#Births", "title": "495 BC", "revid": 1350129364, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian people elect Themistocles as archon, the chief judicial and civilian executive officer in Athens. He favours resistance against the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Greece", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Themistocles starts the construction of a fortified naval base at Piraeus, the port town of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Greece", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -491, "year_label": "492 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general, Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap (governor) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172499#Greece", "title": "492 BC", "revid": 1354172499, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -490, "year_label": "491 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding \"earth and water for vassalage\" which Athens and Sparta refuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364322520#Greece", "title": "491 BC", "revid": 1364322520, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres each way. After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are \"Chairete, nikomen\" (\"Rejoice, we are victorious\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and its inhabitants are enslaved. He intends the same fate for Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -488, "year_label": "489 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides (the Just), is made chief archon of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598383#Greece", "title": "489 BC", "revid": 1360598383, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -486, "year_label": "487 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian Archonship becomes elective by lot from all the citizens, an important milestone in the move towards radical Athenian democracy. There are nine archons and a secretary. Three of the archons have special functions: the basileus, or sovereign; the polemarch (originally a military commander); and the archon eponymous (chief magistrate), who gave his name to the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129368#Greece", "title": "487 BC", "revid": 1350129368, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -486, "year_label": "487 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The island of Aegina and the city of Athens go to war. The island has earned the enmity of Athens by earlier submitting to the Persians. The Spartan King, Leotychidas, tries unsuccessfully to arrange a truce in the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129368#Greece", "title": "487 BC", "revid": 1350129368, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -482, "year_label": "483 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian archon Themistocles realises that the Greeks need to be able to beat the Persians at sea. To carry out this strategy, however, Athens needs far more warships (that is to say the newly developed, specialised triremes) than the 70 it has. Themistocles is initially opposed by other Athenian leaders. However, when the state-owned silver mines at Laurium become the site of a rich strike, Themistocles persuades the assembly, instead of \"declaring a dividend,\" to devote the whole surplus to increasing the navy to a proposed 200 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342607703#Greece", "title": "483 BC", "revid": 1342607703, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -481, "year_label": "482 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian archon Themistocles secures the ostracism of his opponents and becomes the political leader of Athens. The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, is one of those ostracised due to his opposition to Themistocles' naval policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359664835#Greece", "title": "482 BC", "revid": 1359664835, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, as well as the former Athenian archon Xanthippus, return from banishment in Aegina to serve under Themistocles against the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greek congress decides to send a force of 10,000 Greeks, including hoplites and cavalry, to the Vale of Tempe, through which they believe the Persian army will pass. The force includes Lacedaemonians led by Euanetos and Athenians under Themistocles. Warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale can be bypassed elsewhere and that the army of Xerxes is overwhelming, the Greeks decide not to try to hold there and vacate the vale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The sculpture of the Kritios Boy is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now preserved in the Acropolis Museum in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Arts", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The Persians sack Athens, whose citizens flee to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -478, "year_label": "479 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens, but fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129373#Greece", "title": "479 BC", "revid": 1350129373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -477, "year_label": "478 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Despite Spartan opposition, Athens works on refortifying and rebuilding after the Persian destruction of the city in 479.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129370#Greece", "title": "478 BC", "revid": 1350129370, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -476, "year_label": "477 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea no longer wish to be under Spartan control and at Delos offer their allegiance, through Aristides, to Athens. They form the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos) with Cimon as their principal commander.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129381#Greece", "title": "477 BC", "revid": 1350129381, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -475, "year_label": "476 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cimon of Athens increases his power at the expense of Themistocles. He ousts Pausanias and the Spartans from the area around the Bosporus. The Spartans, hearing that Pausanias is intriguing with the Persians, recall him and he is \"disciplined\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129376#Greece", "title": "476 BC", "revid": 1350129376, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -474, "year_label": "475 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the indigenous inhabitants who are regarded as pirates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129359#Greece", "title": "475 BC", "revid": 1350129359, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -470, "year_label": "471 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Athenian politician Themistocles loses the confidence of the Athenian people, partly due to his arrogance and partly due to his alleged readiness to take bribes. As a result, he is ostracized and retires to Argos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296574771#Greece", "title": "471 BC", "revid": 1296574771, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -469, "year_label": "470 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Aspasia of Miletus, mistress of Pericles of Athens (d. c. 400 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129358#Births", "title": "470 BC", "revid": 1350129358, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -468, "year_label": "469 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The island of Naxos wishes to secede from the Delian League, but is blockaded by Athens and forced to surrender. Naxos becomes a tribute-paying member of the Delian League. This action is considered high-handed and resented by the other Greek city states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129352#Greece", "title": "469 BC", "revid": 1350129352, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Cimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Greece", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -464, "year_label": "465 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thasos revolts from the Delian League. The revolt arises from rivalry over trade with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Kimon lays siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeats the Thasos fleet", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1094347891#Greece", "title": "465 BC", "revid": 1094347891, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -462, "year_label": "463 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "In Athens, the democratic statesman Ephialtes and the young Pericles attempt to get the oligarchic Kimon ostracized for allegedly receiving bribes. Kimon is charged by Pericles and other democratic politicians with having been bribed not to attack the King of Macedonia (who may have been suspected of covertly helping the Thasian rebels). Though Kimon is acquitted, his influence on the Athenian people is waning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129357#Greece", "title": "463 BC", "revid": 1350129357, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -461, "year_label": "462 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kimon seeks the support of Athens' citizens providing help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintains that Sparta is Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Kimon's view prevails. Kimon then leads 4,000 hoplites to Mount Ithome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837683#Greece", "title": "462 BC", "revid": 1267837683, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -461, "year_label": "462 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Greek philosopher, Anaxagoras, moves to Athens and begins teaching there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837683#Philosophy", "title": "462 BC", "revid": 1267837683, "section": "Events › By topic › Philosophy"}}, {"year": -461, "year_label": "462 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Pericles starts to effectively be the leader of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837683#Greece", "title": "462 BC", "revid": 1267837683, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -460, "year_label": "461 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Athens, Ephialtes and Pericles finally get agreement to the ostracism of Kimon, who had become unpopular for his unsuccessful pro-Spartan policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255561808#Greece", "title": "461 BC", "revid": 1255561808, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -460, "year_label": "461 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ephialtes, leader of the radical democrats in Athens (assassinated)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255561808#Deaths", "title": "461 BC", "revid": 1255561808, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. (Battle of Oenoe)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Greece", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Greece", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egypt revolts against Persian rule. The Egyptian leader, Inaros, asks Athens for assistance, which is willingly provided as Athens has plans to trade with and colonize Egypt. A force of 200 Athenian triremes, which is campaigning in Cyprus, is immediately ordered to Egypt to render assistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Persian_Empire", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -458, "year_label": "459 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens allied itself with the city state of Megara which was under pressure from Corinth. This alliance leads to war between Corinth and Athens. The first battle of the war, at Haliesis in the Gulf of Argolis, resulted in a Corinthian victory, but the next battle, the battle of Cecryphalea (modern Angistrion), went Athens' way.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354678972#Greece", "title": "459 BC", "revid": 1354678972, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -457, "year_label": "458 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pericles continues Ephialtes' democratising activities by making the archonship a paid office and the lower class of Athenian citizens eligible to hold the office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306222884#Greece", "title": "458 BC", "revid": 1306222884, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -457, "year_label": "458 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian playwright Aeschylus completes his trilogy The Oresteia (which comprise Agamemnon, Choephoroi (The Libation Bearers) and The Eumenides).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306222884#Literature", "title": "458 BC", "revid": 1306222884, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -456, "year_label": "457 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens, the leader of the Delian League, comes into conflict with Corinth and its ally Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League) over Megara. Nicomedes of Sparta, regent for King Pleistoanax, leads an army of 11,500 hoplites into Boeotia to help Thebes put down a rebellion by Phocis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371321391#Greece", "title": "457 BC", "revid": 1371321391, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens, under Athenian general Tolmides, sends 100 ships around the Peloponnesus and they set fire to the Spartan naval base at Gythion. As a result, Athens gains the agreement of the Achaean cities to join the Delian League. Athenian forces then go on to attack the Spartan allies on the Corinthian Gulf. Athens is now able to confine Sparta to the southern Peloponnesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Greece", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Euripides presents his earliest known tragedy, Peliades, in the Athenian festival of Dionysia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Literature", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persian rule in Egypt is finally restored by Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, after a prolonged struggle which has included dealing with a military intervention by Athens. The leader of the revolt, Inaros II, is crucified by the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Persian_Empire", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles leads a naval expedition in the Corinthian Gulf, in which Athens defeats Achaea. He then attacks Sicyon and Acarnania, after which he unsuccessfully tries to take Oeniadea on the Corinthian Gulf, before returning to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Greece", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Plebs, suffering from a number of economic and financial ills, force the city’s patricians to begin the reform and codification of the law. As a first act, a three-man commission is sent to Athens to study that city's laws.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Roman_Republic", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -452, "year_label": "453 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Pericles, the ruler of Athens, bestows generous wages on all Athens' citizens who serve as jurymen on the Heliaia (the supreme court of Athens).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360983885#Greece", "title": "453 BC", "revid": 1360983885, "section": "Events › Italy › Greece"}}, {"year": -450, "year_label": "451 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persian fleet moves against a rebellious Cyprus to restore order. Kimon, who returns to favour, though not to power, in Athens, plans an expedition to help Cyprus. He gains Pericles' support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326558217#Greece", "title": "451 BC", "revid": 1326558217, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The red-figure decorations A Painter, Assistants Crowned by Athena and Victories are made on a hydria in Athens. They are now kept in a private collection (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Arts", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "During the siege Cimon dies and command of the fleet is given to Anaxicrates, who leaves Citium to engage the Phoenician fleet in the Battle of Salamis in Cyprus. The Greek fleet is victorious against the Persians and their allies and then returns to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Greece", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Pericles places the Athenian sculptor Phidias in charge of all the artistic aspects of his reconstruction program. Construction begins on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, while the Athenian Senate commissions Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena Nike on the Acropolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -447, "year_label": "448 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pericles leads the Athenian army against Delphi to restore the sanctuary of the oracle of Delphi to Phocis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272690289#Greece", "title": "448 BC", "revid": 1272690289, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -446, "year_label": "447 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A revolt breaks out in Boeotia as the oligarchs of Thebes conspire against the democratic faction in the city. The Athenians, under their general Tolmides, with 1000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies, march into Boeotia to take back the towns revolting against Athenian control. They capture Chaeronea, but are attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea. As a result, the Athenians are forced to give up control of Boeotia as well as Phocis and Locris, which all fall under the control of hostile oligarchs who quit the Delian League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1196799197#Greece", "title": "447 BC", "revid": 1196799197, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -446, "year_label": "447 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles leads Athenian forces in the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. Thus Pericles starts a policy of cleruchy (klerouchos) or \"out-settlements\". This is a form of colonisation where poor and unemployed people are assisted to emigrate to new regions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1196799197#Greece", "title": "447 BC", "revid": 1196799197, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -446, "year_label": "447 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Pericles commissions the architects Kallikrates and Iktinos to design a larger temple for the Parthenon and the construction begins on rebuilding the great temple of Athena (the Parthenon) on the Acropolis at Athens soon afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1196799197#Architecture", "title": "447 BC", "revid": 1196799197, "section": "Events › By subject › Architecture"}}, {"year": -445, "year_label": "446 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Achaea achieves its independence from Athens, while Euboea, crucial to Athenian control of the sea and food supplies, revolts against Athens. Pericles crosses over to Euboea with his troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372038982#Greece", "title": "446 BC", "revid": 1372038982, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -441, "year_label": "442 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of his failure to effectively challenge Pericles, the Athenian citizens ostracise Thucydides for 10 years and Pericles is once again unchallenged in Athenian politics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352217487#Greece", "title": "442 BC", "revid": 1352217487, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -439, "year_label": "440 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Samos, an autonomous member of the Delian League and one of Athens' principal allies with a substantial fleet of its own, quarrels with Miletus. Miletus, also a member of the Delian League, appeals to Athens for assistance. Pericles decides in favour of Miletus, so Samos revolts. Pericles then sails to Samos with a fleet to overthrow its oligarchic government and install a democratic one. Sparta threatens to interfere. However, at a congress of the Peloponnesian League, its members vote not to intervene on behalf of Samos against Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238578#Greece", "title": "440 BC", "revid": 1242238578, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -438, "year_label": "439 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of Persian assistance to Samos, it takes the Athenian army nine months to successfully complete its siege of Samos and force the Samians to surrender. Samos becomes a tributary of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326570000#Greece", "title": "439 BC", "revid": 1326570000, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -437, "year_label": "438 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Greek playwright Euripides' play Alcestis is performed in the Dionysia, an Athenian dramatic festival.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326570904#Literature", "title": "438 BC", "revid": 1326570904, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -437, "year_label": "438 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens is completed by Ictinus and Callicrates and is consecrated after 9 years of construction. It is dedicated at the Panathenaea (a festival held in honour of Athena every four years on the Acropolis).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326570904#Greece", "title": "438 BC", "revid": 1326570904, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -436, "year_label": "437 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles, concerned for Athenian trade with Greek settlements to the East, and in order to counteract a new and possibly threatening Thracian–Scythian alliance, leads Athens' fleet to Pontus on the Black Sea and establishes friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312957840#Greece", "title": "437 BC", "revid": 1312957840, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -436, "year_label": "437 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Mnesikles starts to build Propylaia, Acropolis, Athens. The work is canceled in 432 BC, due to the Peloponnesian War, and thus is never finished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312957840#Architecture", "title": "437 BC", "revid": 1312957840, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": -435, "year_label": "436 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Following Pericles' visit to the Black Sea, a large Athenian colony is founded at Amphipolis. This is disconcertingly close to an outpost of Corinthian influence at Potidaea in the Chalcidice. Corinth feels it is being indirectly pressured by Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173296#Greece", "title": "436 BC", "revid": 1354173296, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -435, "year_label": "436 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Isocrates, Athenian orator (d. 338 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173296#Births", "title": "436 BC", "revid": 1354173296, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -433, "year_label": "434 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip, brother of Perdiccas II of Macedon challenges Perdiccas for the throne, and enlists the support of Athens and King Derdas of Elimea. Perdiccas responds by stirring up rebellion in a number of Athenian tribute cities, including Potidaea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317718470#Greece", "title": "434 BC", "revid": 1317718470, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -433, "year_label": "434 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures (the \"Megarian decree\") imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants are to be excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangles the Megarian economy and strains the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which is allied with Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317718470#Greece", "title": "434 BC", "revid": 1317718470, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -432, "year_label": "433 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pericles concludes a defensive alliance with Corcyra (Corfu), the strong naval power in the Ionian Sea, which is the bitter enemy of Corinth. As a result, Athens intervenes in the dispute between Corinth and Corcyra, and, at the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships play a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. Following this, Athens places Potidaea, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, under siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173211#Greece", "title": "433 BC", "revid": 1354173211, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -431, "year_label": "432 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sparta calls and hosts a conference of the Peloponnesian League. The conference is attended by Athenian representatives as well as members of the League. Following arguments by Corinth against Athens, a majority of the League members vote to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330384213#Greece", "title": "432 BC", "revid": 1330384213, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -431, "year_label": "432 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Pheidias completes the sculptures that form the decoration of the Parthenon in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330384213#Architecture", "title": "432 BC", "revid": 1330384213, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus, an influential Athenian, marries Sitalkes' sister. Nymphodorus then negotiates an agreement between Athens and Macedon's King Perdiccas II, through which Perdiccas regains Therma. As a result, Athens withdraws its support for Perdiccas' brother, Philip, and the Thracians promise to assist Perdiccas in capturing him. In return, Perdiccas marches on the Chalcidians, the people he has originally persuaded to revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Greece", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phidias returns to Athens, where he is imprisoned (for having been portrayed on the shield of the statue of the goddess Athena) and dies before the trial.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Deaths", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -429, "year_label": "430 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Potidaea finally capitulates to the siege by Athenian forces in the winter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662145#Greece", "title": "430 BC", "revid": 1342662145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -429, "year_label": "430 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The army of Sparta loots Attica for a second time, but Pericles is not daunted and refuses to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again leads a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnesus, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662145#Greece", "title": "430 BC", "revid": 1342662145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -429, "year_label": "430 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "An outbreak of a plague hits Athens and the disease ravages the densely packed city (modern DNA analyses of material from ancient cemeteries suggest the mortal disease may have been typhus). The plague wipes out over 30,000 citizens, sailors, and soldiers as well as Pericles' two sons. Roughly one-quarter of the Athenian population dies. The fear of plague is so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica is abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662145#Greece", "title": "430 BC", "revid": 1342662145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -428, "year_label": "429 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians under Xenophon march into Thrace to attack Chalcis. They destroy crops outside Spartolus and begin negotiating with pro-Athenian factions in Chalcis, but the anti-Athenian factions ask for help from Olynthus. An army from Chalcis, Spartolus, and Olynthus meet the Athenians in battle, but their hoplites are defeated. Reinforcements soon arrive from Olynthus, and they launch a second attack on the Athenians. The Athenians are routed, with all of their generals and 430 other men killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172916#Greece", "title": "429 BC", "revid": 1354172916, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -428, "year_label": "429 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pericles, Athenian statesman (epidemic) (born c. 495 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172916#Deaths", "title": "429 BC", "revid": 1354172916, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -427, "year_label": "428 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The chief city of Lesbos, Mytilene, revolts against Athenian rule. The Spartan admiral, Alcidas, leads 40 Peloponnesian alliance ships with the aim of assisting the inhabitants of Mytilene. However, the rebellion by Mytilene is crushed before his forces can arrive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151725633#Greece", "title": "428 BC", "revid": 1151725633, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -426, "year_label": "427 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the surrender of Mytilene to Athens, the Athenian leader Cleon insists that the city be destroyed. In response to the pleadings of a number of Athenian citizens, Cleon's decree to destroy the population of Mytilene is reversed with only the ringleaders of the Mytilenean revolt being executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210114491#Greece", "title": "427 BC", "revid": 1210114491, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -426, "year_label": "427 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In an effort to blockade Sparta from access to Sicilian corn, Athens responds to a plea for help from a delegation from the city of Leontini led by Gorgias, the sophist and rhetorician. Leontini is being threatened by Syracuse which is allied to Sparta. However, the Athenian mission led by the Athenian general Laches is unable to offer much help. Laches is later prosecuted by Cleon for his unsuccessful mission to support Athenian interests in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210114491#Greece", "title": "427 BC", "revid": 1210114491, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -425, "year_label": "426 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian leader Cleon and Athenian general Demosthenes revitalise the city's military and naval forces despite opposition from Nicias, a rich merchant and soldier, and his supporters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172947#Greece", "title": "426 BC", "revid": 1354172947, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -424, "year_label": "425 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. Meanwhile, a Spartan army, commanded by Brasidas, lands on the nearby island of Sphacteria, but is repulsed by the Athenians. An Athenian fleet summoned by Demosthenes bottles up the Spartan navy in Navarino Bay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238622#Greece", "title": "425 BC", "revid": 1242238622, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -424, "year_label": "425 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Callicrates starts to build the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens (approximate date). Between 410 and 407 BC the temple is surrounded by a parapet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238622#Architecture", "title": "425 BC", "revid": 1242238622, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Brasidas' capture of the city of Amphipolis is a major reverse for Athens, for which the Athenian general (and future historian) Thucydides is held responsible and banished. This gives Thucydides the opportunity for undistracted study for his History and travel and wider contacts, especially on the Peloponnesian side (Sparta and its allies).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the Congress of Gela, the statesman Hermocrates of Syracuse persuades the cities of Sicily to agree to make peace and urges the exclusion of foreign powers. As a result, the three-year war between his city and Sicily's pro-Athenian town ends and the Athenian forces, which had been sent to Sicily to support Greek settlements, are forced to withdraw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -422, "year_label": "423 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Laches, successfully moves in the Athenian Assembly for an armistice with Sparta to check the progress of Sparta's most effective general, Brasidas. However, the \"Truce of Laches\" has little impact on Brasidas and collapses within a year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360180006#Greece", "title": "423 BC", "revid": 1360180006, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -421, "year_label": "422 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athenian leader, Cleon, ends the truce between Athens and Sparta after he resolves to rescue the town of Amphipolis in Macedonia. However, through skillful generalship by Brasidas, the Spartans rout the Athenians in the Battle of Amphipolis. Both Brasidas and Cleon are killed in the battle, thereby removing the key members of the pro-war factions on both sides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481674#Greece", "title": "422 BC", "revid": 1370481674, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -421, "year_label": "422 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleon, Athenian politician and general", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481674#Deaths", "title": "422 BC", "revid": 1370481674, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -420, "year_label": "421 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The construction of the Porch of the Maidens (the Caryatid Porch) commences at the Erechtheion which is part of the Acropolis in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172919#Art", "title": "421 BC", "revid": 1354172919, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -419, "year_label": "420 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The young and popular Alcibiades is elected \"Strategos\" (one of a board of ten generals) and begins to dominate Athenian life and politics. A Quadruple Alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantineia and Elis, which has been organised by Alcibiades (in opposition to Nicias) confronts a Spartan-Boeotian alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360316147#Greece", "title": "420 BC", "revid": 1360316147, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -419, "year_label": "420 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "17 Boedromion (Epidauria): The cult of Asclepius is introduced at Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360316147#Greece", "title": "420 BC", "revid": 1360316147, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -417, "year_label": "418 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Mantinea is the largest land battle of the Peloponnesian War (with as many as 10,000 troops on each side). Sparta under King Agis II has a major victory over Argos (and its allies Athens, Ellis and Mantinea), which has broken its treaty with Sparta's King Agis II at the insistence of Alcibiades. Agis II's major victory makes amends with the Spartans for his earlier truce with Argos. The commander of the Athenian forces, Laches, is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1221749718#Greece", "title": "418 BC", "revid": 1221749718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -416, "year_label": "417 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the loss by Athens and its allies in the Battle of Mantinea, a political \"tug of war\" takes place in Athens. Alcibiades joins forces with Nicias against Hyperbolus, the successor of the demagogue politician Cleon as champion of the common people. Hyperbolus tries to bring about the ostracism of either Nicias or Alcibiades, but the two men combine their influence and induce the Athenian people to expel Hyperbolus instead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1237771460#Greece", "title": "417 BC", "revid": 1237771460, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -415, "year_label": "416 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the encouragement of Alcibiades, the Athenians take the island of Melos (which has remained neutral during the Peloponnesian War). Its inhabitants are treated with great cruelty by the Athenians, with captured adult men being killed and the women and children made slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292484682#Greece", "title": "416 BC", "revid": 1292484682, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -414, "year_label": "415 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Athenian orator and politician, Andocides is imprisoned on suspicion of having taken part in the mutilation of the sacred busts called \"Hermae\" shortly before the departure of Athens' military expedition to Sicily. These mutilations cause a general panic, and Andocides is induced to turn informer. Andocides' testimony is accepted, and those whom he implicates, including Alcibiades, are condemned to death. Andocides is sent into exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115968#Greece", "title": "415 BC", "revid": 1300115968, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -413, "year_label": "414 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens responds to appeals from its general, Nicias, by sending out 73 vessels to Sicily under the command of Demosthenes to assist Nicias and his forces with the siege of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139821#Greece", "title": "414 BC", "revid": 1305139821, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -412, "year_label": "413 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nicias, Athenian soldier and statesman (b. 470 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353493943#Deaths", "title": "413 BC", "revid": 1353493943, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians vote to use their last reserves to build a new fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Greece", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades helps stir up revolts amongst Athens' allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. However, Alcibiades loses the confidence of the Spartans and antagonises their king Agis II. As a result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring with the oligarchic party in Athens, as Sparta's allied cities break away in a series of revolts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Greece", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians under Darius II see their opportunity to play off one Greek city-state against another and to recover control of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, which have been under Athenian control since 449 BC. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, are ordered to collect overdue tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Persian_Empire", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -409, "year_label": "410 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Commanding 20 ships, the Athenian generals Theramenes and Thrasybulus collaborate with Alcibiades and the main Athenian fleet in inflicting a major defeat on the Spartan navy commanded by Mindarus and its supporting Persian land army near Cyzicus on the shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara). As a result of its victory in the Battle of Cyzicus, Athens regains control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239404382#Greece", "title": "410 BC", "revid": 1239404382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -409, "year_label": "410 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A relief decoration from the parapet (now destroyed), Nike (Victory) adjusting her sandal is constructed in the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens and is ready in 407 BC. It is now preserved at the Acropolis Museum in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239404382#Art", "title": "410 BC", "revid": 1239404382, "section": "Events › By subject › Art"}}, {"year": -409, "year_label": "410 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The grave stele of Hegeso is made and is finished about ten years later (approximate date). It is now preserved at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239404382#Art", "title": "410 BC", "revid": 1239404382, "section": "Events › By subject › Art"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades recaptures Byzantium, ending the city's rebellion from Athens. This action completes Athenian control of the Bosporus which secures the Athenian supply route for grain from the Bosporan Kingdom in the Black Sea region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Greece", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taking advantage of the quarrels between the Greek cities in Sicily and of the mutual exhaustion of Athens and Syracuse, Carthage seeks to reimpose its influence over the island. Hannibal Mago, grandson of Hamilcar, invades Sicily with a strong force. He defeats the Sicilian Greeks and avenges his grandfather through the torture and killing of 3,000 Greek prisoners. In the Battle of Selinus and Battle of Himera he captures and destroys both cities before returning triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Sicily", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Darius II of Persia decides to continue the war against Athens and give support to the Spartans. His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap (governor) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Persian_Empire", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades enters Athens in triumph after an absence of 7 years. He leads the religious procession from Athens to Eleusis, thus atoning for his alleged impiety in 415 BC when he was held to have joined in profaning the Sacred Mysteries. Alcibiades is appointed commander-in-chief with autocratic powers and leaves for Samos to rejoin his fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Greece", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Euripides' plays Orestes and The Phoenician Women are performed. Euripides then leaves Athens in dissatisfaction and travels to the court of Archelaus I of Macedon at the King's invitation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Literature", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -406, "year_label": "407 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan admiral Lysander refuses to be lured out of Ephesus to do battle with Alcibiades. However, while Alcibiades is away seeking supplies, the Athenian squadron is placed under the command of Antiochus, his helmsman, who is routed by the Spartan fleet (with the help of the Persians under Cyrus) in the Battle of Notium (or Ephesus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996490221#Greece", "title": "407 BC", "revid": 996490221, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Callicratidas is appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. Callicratidas assembles a fleet and sails to Methymna, on Lesbos, to which he lays siege. This move threatens the Athenian grain supply.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Greece", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Euripides, Athenian playwright (b. c. 480 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Deaths", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and politician (b. c. 495 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Deaths", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After their victory in the Battle of Arginusae over the Spartans, the Athenian fleet follows the reappointed Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet under Admiral Conon is destroyed by the Spartans under Lysander in the Battle of Aegospotami in the Sea of Marmara and Conon flees to Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Greece", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Erechtheum, which includes The Porch of Maidens (Caryatid Porch), is completed in the Ionian style on the Acropolis in Athens after 16 years of construction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Art", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Athens, full of refugees and weakened by plague and hunger, capitulates and the Peloponnesian War ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Greece", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades, Athenian statesman (b. c. 450 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Deaths", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theramenes, Athenian statesman", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Deaths", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thrasybulus leads the democratic resistance to the new oligarchic government, known as the Thirty Tyrants, that the victorious Spartans have imposed on Athens. He commands a small force of exiles that invades Attica and, in successive battles, defeats first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which includes the Spartan general, Lysander) in the Battle of Munychia. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants, Critias, is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#Greece", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Under archon Eucleides, the Athenians accept a spelling reform, adopting the Ionian alphabet, which includes eta and omega. The new alphabet came to be known as the Euclidean alphabet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#Literature", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Critias, leading member of the Athenian Thirty Tyrants oligarchy (b. 460 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#Deaths", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -401, "year_label": "402 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Phocion, Athenian statesman and general (d. c. 318 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274690806#Births", "title": "402 BC", "revid": 1274690806, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -400, "year_label": "401 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Sophocles' tragic play Oedipus at Colonus is performed posthumously. It is produced by his grandson (also called Sophocles) at the Festival of Dionysus in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242237123#Literature", "title": "401 BC", "revid": 1242237123, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "With the outbreak of the war between Sparta and the Persians, the Athenian admiral, Conon, obtains joint command, with Pharnabazus, of a Persian fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aspasia of Miletus, widow of Pericles of Athens (approximate date) (b. c. 470 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#Deaths", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -398, "year_label": "399 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The Greek philosopher Socrates is sentenced to death by Athenian authorities, condemned for impiety and the corruption of youth. He refuses to flee into exile and dies by drinking hemlock.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262065705#Greece", "title": "399 BC", "revid": 1262065705, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Persian_Empire", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Unable to defeat Agesilaus's army, Pharnabazus decides to force Agesilaus to withdraw by stirring up trouble on the Greek mainland. He dispatches Timocrates of Rhodes to visit Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos to incite and bribe them to act against Sparta. Timocrates succeeds in persuading powerful factions in each of those states to pursue an anti-Spartan policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Persian_Empire", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The \"Corinthian War\" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Greece", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -393, "year_label": "394 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The allies, Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, gather a large army at Corinth. A sizable army is sent out from Sparta to challenge this force. The two sides meet on the dry bed of the Nemea River, in Corinthian territory. In the resultant Battle of Nemea, the Spartans win a major victory over the allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172908#Greece", "title": "394 BC", "revid": 1354172908, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pharnabazus dispatches Conon with substantial funds and a large part of the fleet to Attica, where he joins in the rebuilding of the long walls from Athens to Piraeus, a project that had been initiated by Thrasybulus in the previous year. The construction is soon completed and Athens quickly takes advantage of its walls and its fleet to seize the islands of Scyros, Imbros, and Lemnos, on which it establishes cleruchies (citizen colonies).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Greece", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general Conon and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus sail to mainland Greece, where they raid the coast of Laconia and seize the island of Cythera, where they leave a garrison and an Athenian governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Greece", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "During the Corinthian War, the Spartans dispatch an ambassador, Antalcidas, to the Persian satrap Tiribazus, hoping to turn the Persians against the allies by informing them of Conon's use of the Persian fleet to begin rebuilding the Athenian empire. Learning of this, the Athenians send an embassy led by Conon to present their case to the Persians at Sardis. Alarmed by Conon's actions, Tiribazus arrests him, and secretly provides the Spartans with money to equip a fleet. Although Conon quickly escapes, he dies in Cyprus without returning to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Greece", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Iphicrates, with a force composed almost entirely of light troops and peltasts (javelin throwers), wins a decisive victory against the Spartan regiment that has been stationed at Lechaeum in the Battle of Lechaeum. This is the first time that a force of light infantry defeats a unit of Greek hoplites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Greece", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -389, "year_label": "390 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Pharaoh of Egypt, Hakor (Akoris), concludes a tripartite alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650562#Egypt", "title": "390 BC", "revid": 1367650562, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -388, "year_label": "389 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Thrasybulus, leads a force of triremes to levy tribute from cities around the Aegean and support Rhodes, where a democratic government is struggling against Sparta. On this campaign, Thrasybulus captures Byzantium, imposes a duty on ships passing through the Hellespont, and collects tribute from many of the Aegean Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292700126#Greece", "title": "389 BC", "revid": 1292700126, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Plato, having left Athens on Socrates' death to visit Megara and possibly Egypt, travels to Syracuse at the invitation of Dionysius I's brother-in-law Dion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Art", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Thrasybulus, sails to Lesbos, where, with the support of the Mytileneans, he defeats the Spartan forces on the island and wins over a number of cities. While still on Lesbos, however, Thrasybulus is killed by raiders from the city of Aspendus where his financial exactions have made him unpopular.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Greece", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -386, "year_label": "387 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Plato is forced by Dionysius to leave Syracuse after having exercised the right of free speech too broadly. Plato returns to Athens, outside which he founds a school.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650579#Sicily_and_Adriatic", "title": "387 BC", "revid": 1367650579, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily and Adriatic"}}, {"year": -386, "year_label": "387 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Plato founds the Platonic Academy in Athens, where he teaches Aristotle until 347 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650579#Greece", "title": "387 BC", "revid": 1367650579, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -383, "year_label": "384 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lysias, the Athenian orator, on the occasion of the Olympiad, rebukes the Greeks for allowing themselves to be dominated by the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I and by the barbarian Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209990210#Greece", "title": "384 BC", "revid": 1209990210, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -381, "year_label": "382 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pelopidas, a Theban general and statesman, flees to Athens and takes the lead in attempts to liberate Thebes from Spartan control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328792#Greece", "title": "382 BC", "revid": 1363328792, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -381, "year_label": "382 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Evandrus takes over being Archon of Athens from Demonstrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328792#Greece", "title": "382 BC", "revid": 1363328792, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persia forces the Athenians to withdraw their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been successfully supporting the Egyptian Pharaohs in maintaining their independence from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Persian_empire", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timotheus, the son of the Athenian general Conon, is elected strategos of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Greece", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens allies itself with Thebes and forms the Second Athenian League. The confederacy includes most of the Boeotian cities and some of the Ionian islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Greece", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -375, "year_label": "376 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian admiral Chabrias wins a naval victory for Athens over the Spartan fleet, off the island of Naxos (the Battle of Naxos). The battle is brought on by the Athenians to break the Spartans' blockade of Athens' corn-ships from the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121209#Greece", "title": "376 BC", "revid": 1305121209, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -373, "year_label": "374 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens tries to retire from the Theban-Spartan war and makes peace with Sparta. However, the peace is quickly broken.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114817#Greece", "title": "374 BC", "revid": 1367114817, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -372, "year_label": "373 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Iphicrates leads an Athenian expedition which successfully relieves Corcyra of a Spartan siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1080639284#Greece", "title": "373 BC", "revid": 1080639284, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -371, "year_label": "372 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jason of Pherae, the ruler of Thessaly, allies himself first with Athens and then with Macedon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326557006#Greece", "title": "372 BC", "revid": 1326557006, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A fresh peace congress is summoned at Sparta. At the peace conference, the Spartan King Agesilaus II (with the support of Athens) refuses to allow the Thebans to sign the treaty on behalf of all Boeotia. The Theban statesman Epaminondas, who is boeotarch (one of the five magistrates of the Boeotian federation), maintains Thebes' position, even when it leads to the exclusion of Thebes from the peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens does not welcome the Theban victory, fearing the rising aggressiveness of Thebes. After the Theban victory, the old alliance between the Persians and the Thebans is restored.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After appealing in vain to the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes arrives with an army, finds that the Spartans have retired and follows them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Greece", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The sculptor Praxiteles begins his active career in Athens (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Art", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In a search for a balance of power against the now powerful Thebes, Athens responds to an appeal for help from Sparta and allies itself with its traditional enemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pelopidas forces Alexander to abandon his alliance with Athens in favour of Thebes by threatening to support Alexander's brother-in-law, Ptolemy of Aloros. As part of this new alliance, Alexander is compelled to hand over hostages, including his younger brother Philip, the future conqueror of Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -366, "year_label": "367 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, goes to Athens as a pupil at Plato's Academy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291620451#Philosophy", "title": "367 BC", "revid": 1291620451, "section": "Events › By topic › Philosophy"}}, {"year": -365, "year_label": "366 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Athens founds the town of Kos on the island of Kos in the Aegean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116023#Greece", "title": "366 BC", "revid": 1300116023, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -364, "year_label": "365 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian forces under general Timotheus overrun Samos, then occupied by a Persian garrison, after a 10-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211340613#Greece", "title": "365 BC", "revid": 1211340613, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Iphicrates, fails in attempts to recover Amphipolis. Retiring to Thrace, Iphicrates fights for his father-in-law, the Thracian king Cotys I, against Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese. Cotys I is victorious and controls the whole Chersonese peninsula by 359 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Greece", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On the advice of the city's military leader, Epaminondas, Thebes builds a fleet of 100 triremes to help combat Athens. Thebes destroys its Boeotian rival Orchomenus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Greece", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -362, "year_label": "363 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Theban general, Epaminondas, makes a bold attempt to challenge Athens' naval empire. With a new Boeotian fleet, he sails to Byzantium, with the result that a number of cities in the Athenian Empire rebel against their now threatened masters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837770#Greece", "title": "363 BC", "revid": 1267837770, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -360, "year_label": "361 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptians under their King Teos and the Spartans under King Agesilaus II, with some Athenian mercenaries under their general Chabrias, set out to attack the Persian King's Phoenician cities. However, they have to return almost at once due to revolts back in Egypt. Subsequently, Agesilaus II quarrels with the Egyptian king and joins a revolt against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226326183#Egypt", "title": "361 BC", "revid": 1226326183, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -358, "year_label": "359 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Illyrians prepare to close in, the Paeonians raid from the north and two claimants to the Macedonian throne are supported by foreign powers. Philip II buys off his dangerous neighbours and, with a treaty, cedes Amphipolis to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296027918#Macedonia", "title": "359 BC", "revid": 1296027918, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Cersobleptes, in conjunction with his brothers, Amadocus II and Berisades, inherits the dominions of the Thracian king, Cotys I, following his murder. However, the overall management of Thracian affairs is assumed by the Euboean adventurer, Charidemus, who is connected by marriage with the royal family, and who plays the prominent part in the ensuing negotiations with Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Greece", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -356, "year_label": "357 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Macedonian general, Parmenion, wins a great victory over the Illyrians. King Philip II of Macedon, having disposed of an Illyrian threat, occupies the Athenian city of Amphipolis (which commands the gold mines of Mount Pangaion). Philip II now has control of the strategic city which secures the eastern frontier of Macedonia and gives him access into Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210250153#Macedonia", "title": "357 BC", "revid": 1210250153, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -356, "year_label": "357 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Euboean mercenary Charidemus recaptures the Thracian Chersonese for Athens. He receives, from Athens, a golden crown for his part in the victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210250153#Thrace", "title": "357 BC", "revid": 1210250153, "section": "Events › By place › Thrace"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon secretly offers the city of Amphipolis back to the Athenians in exchange for the valuable port of Pydna. Despite the Athenians being willing to comply, both Pydna and Potidaea are conquered by the Macedonians (along with other Athenian strongholds in Thessaly and Chalcidice) despite being defended by Athenian forces led by general and mercenary commander, Chares, as well as generals Iphicrates and Timotheus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Greece", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Social War begins between the Second Athenian League, led by Athens, and its revolting allies of Chios, Rhodes, and Kos as well as the independent state Byzantium. Mausolus, the tyrant of Caria, instigates the rebellion against the Athenian control of these states. The revolting allies ravage the islands of Lemnos and Imbros which are loyal to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Greece", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -354, "year_label": "355 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artaxerxes III of Persia forces Athens to conclude a peace which requires the city to leave Asia Minor and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343188193#Greece", "title": "355 BC", "revid": 1343188193, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -353, "year_label": "354 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Athens recognises the independence of Chios, Kos and Rhodes and makes peace with Mausolus of Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291610084#Greece", "title": "354 BC", "revid": 1291610084, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -353, "year_label": "354 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon takes and destroys Methone, a town which has belonged to Athens. During the siege of Methone, Philip loses an eye.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291610084#Greece", "title": "354 BC", "revid": 1291610084, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -353, "year_label": "354 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Phocians suffer a defeat in the Sacred War against Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291610084#Greece", "title": "354 BC", "revid": 1291610084, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -352, "year_label": "353 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Iphicrates, Athenian general (b. c. 418 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231489277#Deaths", "title": "353 BC", "revid": 1231489277, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Idrieus, the second son of Hecatomnus, succeeds to the throne of Caria on the death of Artemisia II, the widow of his elder brother Mausolus. Shortly after his accession, at the request of the Persian king, Artaxerxes III, Idrieus equips a fleet of 40 triremes and assembles an army of 8,000 mercenary troops and despatches them against Cyprus, under the command of the Athenian general Phocion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Persian_Empire", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -348, "year_label": "349 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "After recovering from illness, Philip II of Macedon turns his attention to the remaining Athenian controlled cities in Macedonia and to the city of Olynthus, in particular. The Athenians organize to send help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347309456#Macedonia", "title": "349 BC", "revid": 1347309456, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -347, "year_label": "348 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The city of Eretria on the island of Euboea successfully rebels against the rule of Athens and Euboea is declared independent. The Athenian statesman and general, Phocion's tactical skills save an Athenian force sent to fight the supporters of Philip II on Euboea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992031#Greece", "title": "348 BC", "revid": 1209992031, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -347, "year_label": "348 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian help to its cities in Macedonia is diverted by a revolt in Euboea which Philip II of Macedon has fomented. He conquers the city of Olynthus in the Chalcidice and he annexes Chalcidice to Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992031#Greece", "title": "348 BC", "revid": 1209992031, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -347, "year_label": "348 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Aristotle leaves Athens and Plato's Academy, after which he resided in Assus in northwestern Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992031#Greece", "title": "348 BC", "revid": 1209992031, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -346, "year_label": "347 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In the wake of the Macedonian victory at Olynthus, Athens seeks to make peace with Macedonia. Because his financial policy is based on the assumption that Athens should not be involved in major wars, the Athenian leader, Eubulus, works for peace with Philip II of Macedon. Demosthenes is among those who support a compromise.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556206#Greece", "title": "347 BC", "revid": 1326556206, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -346, "year_label": "347 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built town of Assus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556206#Philosophy", "title": "347 BC", "revid": 1326556206, "section": "Events › By topic › Philosophy"}}, {"year": -346, "year_label": "347 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Plato, Greek philosopher and founder of the Academy in Athens (b. c. 427 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556206#Deaths", "title": "347 BC", "revid": 1326556206, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -345, "year_label": "346 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Peace of Philocrates is signed between Macedonia and Athens. The document agrees to a return to the status quo, but Philip II of Macedon keeps the right to punish the Phocians for starting the Sacred War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299130958#Greece", "title": "346 BC", "revid": 1299130958, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -344, "year_label": "345 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Supported by Thebes and Thessaly, Macedonia takes over Phocis' votes in the Amphictyonic League, a Greek religious organisation formed to support the greater temples of Apollo and Demeter. Despite some reluctance on the part of the Athenian leaders, Athens finally accepts Philip II's entry into the Council of the League. The Athenian statesman Demosthenes is among those who recommend this stance in his oration On the Peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114110#Greece", "title": "345 BC", "revid": 1367114110, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -344, "year_label": "345 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nicochares, Athenian poet of the Old Comedy", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114110#Deaths", "title": "345 BC", "revid": 1367114110, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -343, "year_label": "344 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian statesman, Demosthenes, travels to Peloponnesus, in order to detach as many cities as possible from Macedon's influence, but his efforts are generally unsuccessful. Most of the Peloponnesians see Philip II as the guarantor of their freedom, so they send a joint embassy to Athens to express their grievances against Demosthenes' activities. In response to these complaints, Demosthenes delivers the Second Philippic, which is a vehement attack against Philip II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172872#Greece", "title": "344 BC", "revid": 1354172872, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -343, "year_label": "344 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon besieges Perinthus, which had defied him and was inclining towards his opponents the Athenians, the Perinthian's allies Byzantium and the Achaemenid Empire support Perinthus in their defence of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172872#Greece", "title": "344 BC", "revid": 1354172872, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -341, "year_label": "342 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip begins a series of campaigns in Thrace with the aim of annexing it to be a province of Macedonia. When the Macedonian army approaches Thracian Chersonese (the Gallipoli Peninsula), an Athenian general named Diopeithes ravages this district of Thrace, thus inciting Philip's rage for operating too near one of his towns in the Chersonese. Philip demands his recall. In response, the Athenian Assembly is convened. Demosthenes convinces the Athenians not to recall Diopeithes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992354#Macedonia", "title": "342 BC", "revid": 1209992354, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -340, "year_label": "341 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A grand alliance is organised by Demosthenes against Philip II, which includes Byzantium and former enemies of Athens, such as Thebes. These developments worry Philip and increase his anger towards Demosthenes. The Athenian Assembly, however, lays aside Philip's grievances against Demosthenes' conduct and denounces the Peace of Philocrates which has been signed by both sides in 346 BC, an action equivalent to an official declaration of war by Athens against Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210197654#Greece", "title": "341 BC", "revid": 1210197654, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -340, "year_label": "341 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon completes his annexation of Thrace. This is regarded by Athens as a further threat to the city's safety.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210197654#Macedonia", "title": "341 BC", "revid": 1210197654, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -339, "year_label": "340 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians give Demosthenes a public vote of thanks after Philip's unsuccessful siege of Byzantium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239354213#Greece", "title": "340 BC", "revid": 1239354213, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Athens arranges an alliance with Euboea, Megara, Achaea, Corinth, Acarnania and some other states in the Peloponnesus. However, the most desirable ally for Athens is Thebes. Therefore, the Athenian leader, Demosthenes, goes to the Boeotian city and secures an alliance with Thebes despite the efforts of a Macedonian deputation to persuade Thebes to join with Macedonia. In return, Athens agrees to Thebes controlling Boeotia, Thebes being in command solely on land and jointly at sea, and Athens paying two thirds of the campaign's cost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Conscription is introduced in Athens. Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Macedonia", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Aeschines brings a suit against Ctesiphon for illegally proposing the award of a crown to the Athenian leader Demosthenes in recognition of his services to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Macedonia", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "A rumour that Alexander has been killed by the Illyrians leads the Thebans and Athenians to take up arms again. Alexander defeats the Greeks and razes Thebes. In Thebes, 6,000 people are killed and all survivors are sold into slavery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Greece", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The sculptor Praxiteles ends his active career in Athens (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Art", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While Alexander is fighting in Asia, Agis III of Sparta, profiting from the Macedonian king's absence from Greece, leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. With Persian money and 8,000 Greek mercenaries, he holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routs a force under the Macedonian general Coragus and, although Athens stays neutral, he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia, which Agis III's forces besiege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Greece", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Aeschines continues to try to prevent Demosthenes from being awarded a golden crown for his services to Athens. The case, which has begun in 336 BC, finally concludes with the overwhelming defeat of Aeschines, largely because of Demosthenes' brilliant speech for Ctesiphon (On the Crown).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonia", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great's treasurer, Harpalus, fearing arrest, flees from Susa to Athens. On arriving in Athens, he is imprisoned by the Athenians after a proposal of Demosthenes and Phocion, despite Hypereides' opposition, who wanted an immediate uprising against Alexander. Harpalus brings with him considerable wealth collected from the spoils of Alexander's conquest of Asia. This money is entrusted to a committee led by Demosthenes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Greece", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Some Greek cities, including Athens, revolt against the Macedonian regent, Antipater, following the news of Alexander's death. Athens' actions are incited by the speeches of the Athenian general Leosthenes and the Athenian orator Hypereides. Joined by cities in central and south Greece, the Athenians defeat Antipater in battle. They force him to take refuge in Lamia, where he is besieged for several months by the Greek allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Greece", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -321, "year_label": "322 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Demosthenes, Athenian statesman, recognized as the greatest of ancient Greek orators (b. 384 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316405653#Deaths", "title": "322 BC", "revid": 1316405653, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -318, "year_label": "319 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian orator and diplomat, Demades, is sent to the Macedonian court, but either the Macedonian regent Antipater or his son Cassander, learning that Demades has intrigued with the former regent Perdiccas, puts him to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1222246653#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "319 BC", "revid": 1222246653, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -317, "year_label": "318 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cassander, who has allied himself with Ptolemy and Antigonus, declares war on the regent, Polyperchon. Most of the Greek states support him, including Athens. Cassander further effects an alliance with Eurydice, the ambitious wife of King Philip III Arrhidaeus of Macedon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481410#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "318 BC", "revid": 1370481410, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -317, "year_label": "318 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "In a power struggle in Athens after the death of Antipater, Phocion is deposed as the ruler of Athens, convicted of treason, and executed by those Athenians hoping to restore democracy to the city. Shortly afterward, the Athenians decree a public burial and a statue in his honor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481410#Greece", "title": "318 BC", "revid": 1370481410, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -316, "year_label": "317 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After capturing Athens from Macedonia's regent Polyperchon, Cassander entrusts the government of Athens to the Athenian orator, statesman, and philosopher, Demetrius Phalereus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173231#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "317 BC", "revid": 1354173231, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -315, "year_label": "316 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Thebes, which has been destroyed by Alexander the Great, begins to be rebuilt by Cassander with the help of the citizens of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1007737454#Greece", "title": "316 BC", "revid": 1007737454, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cassander orders Dionysius (the commander of his garrison in Athens) and Demetrius of Phalerum (the tyrant of Athens) to send a fleet of 20 warships to try and recapture Lemnos. An Athenian strategos named Aristoteles is sent, ravaging the island in conjunction with Seleucus (who was sent into the Aegean by Ptolemy). After Seleucus sails away, Aristoteles is attacked by the Antigonid fleet, most of his ships being captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Greece", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "A census is carried out in Athens. 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreign residents and 400,000 others – women, children and slaves – are living in the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Greece", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cassander invades Attica and besieges Athens. He captures the island of Salamis off the coast of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#Greece", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -294, "year_label": "295 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens falls to Demetrius Poliorcetes after a bitter siege, and its tyrant Lachares flees into exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129451#Greece", "title": "295 BC", "revid": 1350129451, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -290, "year_label": "291 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Menander, Athenian dramatist, considered to be a master of Greek New Comedy (b. c. 342 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1115795236#Deaths", "title": "291 BC", "revid": 1115795236, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -290, "year_label": "291 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dinarchus, Athenian speech writer whose work is generally thought to reflect the gradual decline of Attic oratory (b. c. 361 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1115795236#Deaths", "title": "291 BC", "revid": 1115795236, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the king of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Greece", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -252, "year_label": "253 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander, Antigonus II's nephew and regent, leads a revolt in Corinth with Ptolemy II's help and declares himself an independent monarch. As a result, Antigonus loses Corinth and Chalcis, the two bases from which he has dominated southern Greece. As the Aetolians occupy Thermopylae, Antigonus II is cut off from Athens and the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172725#Greece", "title": "253 BC", "revid": 1354172725, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With Aetolia now as its ally, the Achaean League under the command of Aratus of Sicyon repeatedly attacks Athens and Argos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Greece", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -228, "year_label": "229 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aratus of Sicyon brings Argos into the Achaean League and then helps liberate Athens. This brings Aratus into conflict with Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1205848400#Illyria", "title": "229 BC", "revid": 1205848400, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -86, "year_label": "87 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Mithridatic War: Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) – Sulla arrives in Greece and from Autumn besieges Athens. He orders Lucius Licinius Lucullus to raise a fleet from Rome's allies around the eastern Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324423424#Roman_Republic", "title": "87 BC", "revid": 1324423424, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -85, "year_label": "86 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) ends when Sulla captures Athens from the Pontic army, removing the tyrant Aristion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303662184#Roman_Republic", "title": "86 BC", "revid": 1303662184, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -78, "year_label": "79 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cicero travels to Athens and then to Rhodes to continue his studies of philosophy and oratory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325704258#Roman_republic", "title": "79 BC", "revid": 1325704258, "section": "Events › By place › Roman republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Mark Antony leaves Alexandria. After receiving news of the outcome at Perusia while en route to Phoenicia, he sets sail for Italy meeting the ambassadors of Sextus Pompey in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Egypt", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Egypt"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Final War of the Roman Republic: Mark Antony transfers his headquarters from Samos to Athens, where he assembles a fleet of 500 combat vessels and 300 transport ships, crewed by 150,000 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 113, "year_label": "113 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan sails from Rome to begin his expedition against Parthia. He arrives in Athens where Parthian envoys greet him with olive branches, a sign of peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189035#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 113", "revid": 1371189035, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 114, "year_label": "114 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A monument to Philopappos, prince-in-exile of old Commagene (a buffer-state between Rome and Parthia) is erected in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326111#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 114", "revid": 1330326111, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 124, "year_label": "124 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330350231#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 124", "revid": 1330350231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 130, "year_label": "130 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186549#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 130", "revid": 1371186549, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 145, "year_label": "145 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arrian becomes archon in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079583#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 145", "revid": 1267079583, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 167, "year_label": "167 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Germans devastate the Balkans and ransack the sanctuary of Eleusis, near Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302510#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 167", "revid": 1371302510, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 170, "year_label": "170 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303023#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 170", "revid": 1371303023, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 171, "year_label": "171 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusis, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303100#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 171", "revid": 1371303100, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. After the Sack of Athens, an Athenian militia force (2,000 men), under the historian Dexippus, pushes the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Roman_Empire", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Heruli capture Athens and raid the Aegean Islands as far as Crete and Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Roman_Empire", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths, led by Alaric, invade and devastate Thrace and Macedonia and impose a tribute on Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Roman_Empire", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 431, "year_label": "431 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311961439#Arts_and_Sciences", "title": "431", "revid": 1311961439, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and Sciences"}}, {"year": 529, "year_label": "529 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Academy, originally founded at Athens by Plato around 387 BC, closes down by order of Justinian I, on charges of un-Christian activity. Many of the school's professors emigrate to Persia and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343002#Education", "title": "529", "revid": 1351343002, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Sirmium: The Avars, under their ruler (khagan) Bayan I, aided by Slavic auxiliary troops, capture the city of Sirmium after almost a 3-year siege. Bayan establishes a new base of operations within the Byzantine Empire, from which he plunders the Balkan Peninsula, including Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Europe", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs push south on the Balkan Peninsula – partly in conjunction with the Avars under their ruler (khagan) Bayan I – ravaging the cities Athens and Corinth, and threatening the Long Walls of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, founds the Duchy of Athens (one of the Crusader states set up in Greece) and takes the title of \"Grand Lord\" (Megaskyr) in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – After Donato Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, rewards Captain Andrea Bembo for defending Athens against an Ottoman attack, Senate of the Republic of Venice votes to annex the Duchy of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#January–March", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1458, "year_label": "1458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens, surrenders the city to the Ottoman Empire and Sultan Mehmed II enters peacefully in August. Ottoman authorities issue a decree to protect the Acropolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371245383#April–June", "title": "1458", "revid": 1371245383, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1466, "year_label": "1466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – In the fourth year of the Ottoman–Venetian War, Admiral Vettore Cappello of the Republic of Venice Navy lands on the Greek mainland at Piraeus and the Venetians begin marching toward Athens to free it from Ottoman control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205441#July–September", "title": "1466", "revid": 1340205441, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Half of the Parthenon is destroyed in Athens after mortar shells are fired by Republic of Venice forces under the command of Francesco Morosini in a battle against the Ottoman Empire for control of the city. The strike ignites a stock of gunpowder that the Ottomans had stored inside the 2,200-year-old temple, which had been completed in 438 BC as a shrine to the goddess Athena. During the fighting September 23 and September 29 for control of the Acropolis in the Morean War, the Temple of Athena Nike is demolished and the Propylaea suffers damage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Morean War: The Venetian forces under Francesco Morosini evacuate Athens and Piraeus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#April–June", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Greek defenders in Athens surrender to Egyptian forces under the command of General Rashid Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Athens becomes Greece's capital city, replacing the provisional capital of Nafplio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360367111#July–September", "title": "1834", "revid": 1360367111, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 (Sept. 3, O.S.) – A Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal Constitution from the state, which has been governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign business interests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366016136#July–September", "title": "1843", "revid": 1366016136, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark is elected at the age of 17 by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes; he will reign in Greece for 50 years. He arrives in Athens on October 30 to take the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#March", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – The foundation stone for a new National Library of Greece is laid in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#March", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – The opening ceremonies of the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympic Games, are held in Athens, Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364785538#April", "title": "1896", "revid": 1364785538, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Panathinaikos A.O., a well-known professional multi-sports club of Greece, is founded in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#February", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Feast of the Cross according to the Old Calendar: a celestial cross appears over Athens, Greece, while the Greek police pursues a group of Greek Old Calendarists. The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#September", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – WWII: Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas tear down the Nazi swastika on the Acropolis in Athens and replace it with the Greek flag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#May", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – In Athens, King Constantine II of Greece marries Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark, who becomes Europe's youngest Queen at age 18 years, 19 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371069587#September", "title": "1964", "revid": 1371069587, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Black September members open fire at the Athens airport; 3 people are killed, 55 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#August", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – The Athens Polytechnic uprising occurs against the military regime in Athens, Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#November", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – TWA Flight 841 crashes into the Ionian Sea 18 minutes after takeoff from Athens on an Israel–New York flight after a bomb explodes in the cargo hold, and kills 88 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#September–October", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in Athens. The sentences are later commuted to life imprisonment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#August", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – The worst storm in Athens' modern history causes havoc across the Greek capital and kills 38 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#November", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – A powerful magnitude earthquake hits Athens, killing 22 people, injuring 400 people and destroying several buildings and 4,000 houses, mostly in Corinth and the nearby towns of Loutraki, Kiato and Xylokastro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#February", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – TWA Flight 847, carrying 153 passengers from Athens to Rome, is hijacked by a Hezbollah fringe group. One passenger, U.S. Navy Petty Officer Robert Stethem, is killed. Greek police arrest a 65-year-old Lebanese suspect on September 21, 2019.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#June", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – The International Olympic Committee picks Athens, Greece, to be the host city for the 2004 Summer Olympics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#September", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13–29 – The 2004 Summer Olympics are held in Athens, Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#August", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2006, "year_label": "2006 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18–20 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2006 takes place in Athens, Greece, and is won by Finnish band entrant Lordi with the song \"Hard Rock Hallelujah\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373069605#May", "title": "2006", "revid": 1373069605, "section": "Events › May"}}]}