{"slug": "augustus", "label": "Augustus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1405", "qid": "Q1405", "description": "first emperor of the Roman Empire and founder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty", "entries": 80, "years": 55, "span": [-84, 167], "span_label": ["85 BCE", "167 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 16}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 15}, {"title": "Births", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "tiberius", "label": "Tiberius", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "mark-antony", "label": "Mark Antony", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-consul", "label": "Roman consul", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "marcus-vipsanius-agrippa", "label": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "julius-caesar", "label": "Julius Caesar", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hispania", "label": "Hispania", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "julia-the-elder", "label": "Julia the Elder", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -84, "year_label": "85 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Atia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (d. 43 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209908706#Births", "title": "85 BC", "revid": 1209908706, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -79, "year_label": "80 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Scribonia, wife to the Roman Emperor Augustus (approximate date) (d. AD 16)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100545#Births", "title": "80 BC", "revid": 1266100545, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Augustus, first Roman Emperor (d. AD 14)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Births", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -58, "year_label": "59 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Livia, Roman empress as the second wife of Augustus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327068186#Births", "title": "59 BC", "revid": 1327068186, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -58, "year_label": "59 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Octavius, father of Caesar Augustus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327068186#Deaths", "title": "59 BC", "revid": 1327068186, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April", "text": "April – Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia (his mother and Caesar's niece) and consul Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Antony besieges Brutus Albinus in Mutina (Modena), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, who is one of his uncle's assassins, close by.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Atia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (b. 85 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Deaths", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Octavian takes office as consul. He's prevailed to pass the lex Pedia, a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Octavian is given imperium, marking the start of his public career.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Octavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Claudius Marcellus, nephew of Augustus (d. 23 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Births", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), blockades the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -40, "year_label": "41 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Antonius occupies Perusia. He accepts the appeal of the local population. Lucius and Fulvia are defeated by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian in the Battle of Perugia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079508#Roman_Republic", "title": "41 BC", "revid": 1267079508, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agrees to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styles himself \"Imperator Caesar\" and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces; the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, is to serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia the Younger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Roman_Republic", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Perusia: trying a last attempt to break the siege, which fails; Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. His life is spared, but the citizens are executed or sold into slavery. Fulvia flees with her children and is exiled to Sicyon, where she dies of a sudden illness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Roman_Republic", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -38, "year_label": "39 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus (d. AD 14)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326022052#Births", "title": "39 BC", "revid": 1326022052, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus (Octavian) engineers the \"Second Pact of Tarentum\" which renews the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanges 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar donates 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August", "text": "August – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harasses the coast from Mylae to Tyndaris. Octavian transports his legions, via Leucopetra, to Tauromenium (modern Taormina).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacifies Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regains Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (sacramentum) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -30, "year_label": "31 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Augustus, then known as Imperator Caesar, becomes Roman Consul for the third time. Antony was designated as his colleague but is deposed from office, an action that Antony does not recognise. Elected in Antony's place is Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus; Antony's consulship is not recorded in some sources, as Valerius is marked instead as consul ordinarius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371049882#Roman_Republic", "title": "31 BC", "revid": 1371049882, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus becomes consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -27, "year_label": "28 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the sixth time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the second time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368243773#Roman_Republic", "title": "28 BC", "revid": 1368243773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -27, "year_label": "28 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Augustus initiates a census of the Roman Republic for the first time since 69 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368243773#Roman_Republic", "title": "28 BC", "revid": 1368243773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -26, "year_label": "27 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334819#Roman_Republic/Empire", "title": "27 BC", "revid": 1364334819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic/Empire"}}, {"year": -26, "year_label": "27 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Augustus' first census of the Roman Empire (formerly the Roman Republic) reports a total of 4,063,000 citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334819#Roman_Republic/Empire", "title": "27 BC", "revid": 1364334819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic/Empire"}}, {"year": -23, "year_label": "24 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743433#Roman_Empire", "title": "24 BC", "revid": 1325743433, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -22, "year_label": "23 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus becomes Roman consul for the eleventh time. His co-consul is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287237096#Roman_Empire", "title": "23 BC", "revid": 1287237096, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -22, "year_label": "23 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Claudius Marcellus, son of Octavia and nephew of Augustus (b. 42 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287237096#Deaths", "title": "23 BC", "revid": 1287237096, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -21, "year_label": "22 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369251712#Roman_Empire", "title": "22 BC", "revid": 1369251712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -20, "year_label": "21 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella Major, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325829297#Roman_Empire", "title": "21 BC", "revid": 1325829297, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -19, "year_label": "20 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus Caesar (d. AD 4)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341406329#Births", "title": "20 BC", "revid": 1341406329, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -19, "year_label": "20 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341406329#Roman_Empire", "title": "20 BC", "revid": 1341406329, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -17, "year_label": "18 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus introduces the Lex Julia (Julian Laws):", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034381#Roman_empire", "title": "18 BC", "revid": 1372034381, "section": "Events › By place › Roman empire"}}, {"year": -17, "year_label": "18 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cornelia, daughter of Scribonia (second wife of Augustus)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034381#Deaths", "title": "18 BC", "revid": 1372034381, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -16, "year_label": "17 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034358#Roman_Empire", "title": "17 BC", "revid": 1372034358, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -15, "year_label": "16 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus reorganizes the German provinces, making Trier their capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034339#Roman_Empire", "title": "16 BC", "revid": 1372034339, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -14, "year_label": "15 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vedius Pollio, Roman equestrian (friend of Augustus)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034323#Deaths", "title": "15 BC", "revid": 1372034323, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -13, "year_label": "14 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (modern Beirut) a colonia, named Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034303#Roman_Empire", "title": "14 BC", "revid": 1372034303, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -13, "year_label": "14 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius and step-grandson of the Emperor Augustus (d. AD 23)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034303#Births", "title": "14 BC", "revid": 1372034303, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Ara Pacis Augustae (\"Altar of Augustan Peace\") is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of Emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -11, "year_label": "12 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852966#Roman_Empire", "title": "12 BC", "revid": 1372852966, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -11, "year_label": "12 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Agrippa Postumus, son of Julia the Elder and grandson of Augustus (d. AD 14)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852966#Births", "title": "12 BC", "revid": 1372852966, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -10, "year_label": "11 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Arbalo: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus beat off a German ambush.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852967#Roman_Empire", "title": "11 BC", "revid": 1372852967, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -10, "year_label": "11 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Lupia River: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus win a victory in Germania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852967#Roman_Empire", "title": "11 BC", "revid": 1372852967, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -10, "year_label": "11 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Octavia the Younger, sister of Augustus (b. 69 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852967#Deaths", "title": "11 BC", "revid": 1372852967, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -9, "year_label": "10 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought from Egypt to Rome by Emperor Augustus to be erected as a sundial gnomon of the Solarium Augusti. It is now in the Piazza Montecitorio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852683#Roman_Empire", "title": "10 BC", "revid": 1372852683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -8, "year_label": "9 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nero Claudius Drusus, son of Livia and stepson of Augustus (b. 38 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#9_BC", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Deaths › 9 BC"}}, {"year": -8, "year_label": "9 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nero Claudius Drusus, Emperor Augustus' stepson, begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but dies soon after, due to a fall from his horse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 9 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -7, "year_label": "8 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After 20 years, Emperor Augustus initiates his second census of the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Germania", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 8 BC › Germania"}}, {"year": -6, "year_label": "7 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Augustus' second census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,233,000 citizens. However, the specific criteria of the census are still not clear.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 7 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -5, "year_label": "6 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius retires to Rhodes, to the inconvenience of Emperor Augustus. He is recalled to Rome years later in AD 4, becoming Augustus' adopted son and heir following the deaths of Lucius and Gaius Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 6 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -4, "year_label": "5 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Acme (enslaved woman), Jewish slave and personal maid in the service of the Empress Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#5_BC", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Deaths › 5 BC"}}, {"year": -1, "year_label": "2 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Augustus is proclaimed pater patriae (\"father of the country\") by the Roman Senate. This bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as princeps, the first in charge over the Roman state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 2 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 0, "year_label": "1 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Aulus Caecina Severus was appointed consul by Emperor Augustus, succeeding Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and Lucius Calpurnius Piso.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 1 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 1, "year_label": "1 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "AD 1 – Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 2, "year_label": "2 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "AD 2 – Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Augustus allows his stepson Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years of enforced retirement on Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 3, "year_label": "3 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "AD 3 – The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 4, "year_label": "4 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "AD 4 – Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 6, "year_label": "6 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "AD 6 – The Princeps Augustus sets up a treasury, the aerarium militare (170 million sestertii), with the specific purpose of paying bonuses to retiring legion veterans. This is financed by a 5% tax on inheritances, a system said to have been suggested in Julius Caesar's memoirs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 6, "year_label": "6 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "AD 6 – Princeps Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 6, "year_label": "6 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "AD 6 – Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system - the vigiles, initially manned only by freedmen - is created by the Princeps Augustus to allow quicker response to outbreaks of fire in the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 6, "year_label": "6 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "AD 6 – A pamphletting campaign in Rome is quashed by the Princeps Augustus. Publius Plautius Rufus is accused but found innocent of the crime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 8, "year_label": "8 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "AD 8 – Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betroth Claudius to Livia Medullina Camilla.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 11, "year_label": "11 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defenses along the Rhine and the Danube.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 11 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 12, "year_label": "12 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Augustus orders a major invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 12 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 13, "year_label": "13 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Augustus initiates his third census of the Roman Empire after 20 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 13 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 14, "year_label": "14 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Augustus' third (and final) 20-year census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,973,000 citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 14, "year_label": "14 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Augustus, Roman emperor (b. 63 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#14_AD", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Deaths › 14 AD"}}, {"year": 14, "year_label": "14 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Augustus, the first Roman emperor, dies and is declared to be a god.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 15, "year_label": "15 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Nicolaus of Damascus writes a biography of the Emperor Augustus (Bios Kaisaros).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 15 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 23, "year_label": "23 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Greek geographer Strabo publishes Geographica, a work covering the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus – it is the only such book to survive from the ancient world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Roman_Empire", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 23 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 27, "year_label": "27 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "An Arc of Triumph is erected in Rimini, in honor of the former Emperor Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Roman_Empire", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 27 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 29, "year_label": "29 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Julia the Younger, granddaughter of Augustus (b. 19 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#29_AD", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Deaths › 29 AD"}}, {"year": 101, "year_label": "101 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187378#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 101", "revid": 1371187378, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 167, "year_label": "167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroy aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that has kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of Emperor Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302510#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 167", "revid": 1371302510, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}]}