{"slug": "avignon", "label": "Avignon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6397", "qid": "Q6397", "description": "commune in Vaucluse, France", "entries": 42, "years": 35, "span": [48, 2024], "span_label": ["48 CE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 22}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "antipope-benedict-xiii", "label": "Antipope Benedict XIII", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "pope-urban-v", "label": "Pope Urban V", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pope-john-xxii", "label": "Pope John XXII", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pope-clement-v", "label": "Pope Clement V", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "provence", "label": "Provence", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pope-boniface-ix", "label": "Pope Boniface IX", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lyon", "label": "Lyon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "septimania", "label": "Septimania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "narbonne", "label": "Narbonne", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 48, "year_label": "48 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "According to Christian tradition, Martha travels to Avignon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_48", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 48"}}, {"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Burgundian Civil War: Battle of Dijon: A coalition of Franks and Burgundians crush the forces under Gundobad. King Clovis I pursues him to Avignon, where he surrenders and promises to pay a yearly tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Europe", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Magnus, bishop and governor of Avignon", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Deaths", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers the cities of Barcelona and Narbonne, where Visigothic nobles accept Umayyad overlordship, in return for autonomy in Septimania (Southern France). Muslims also raid Avignon and Lyon (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 726, "year_label": "726 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim raiders under Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi, current governor of Septimania, devastate Avignon, Viviers, Valence, Vienne and Lyon (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808661#Europe", "title": "726", "revid": 1340808661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 734, "year_label": "734 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809669#Europe", "title": "734", "revid": 1340809669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Avignon: Frankish forces under Charles Martel, Merovingian Mayor of the Palace, retake Avignon from the Muslim forces, and destroy the Umayyad stronghold. Charles sends his brother Childebrand I, duke of Burgundy, to besiege the city. After his arrival, Charles leads the Frankish troops by using rope ladders and battering rams to attack the fortified walls, which are burned to the ground following its capture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Europe", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 738, "year_label": "738 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809691#Europe", "title": "738", "revid": 1340809691, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Treaty of Paris: Count Raymond VII is forced to sign a peace treaty (also known as the \"Treaty of Meaux\"). This brings the Albigensian Crusade to an end. Raymond regains his feudal rights but has to swear his allegiance to King Louis IX (the Saint). The fortifications, such as these of Avignon and Toulouse, are dismantled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Europe", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Pope Clement V officially transfers the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Pontiff from Rome to the French city of Avignon, his residence and at this time part of the Kingdom of Arles, starting the Avignon Papacy. Since 1305, the papal court had been at Poitiers, and the move is justified by violence in Rome. The papal seat becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire, and its absence from Rome is referred to as the \"Babylonian captivity of the Papacy\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#January_–_March", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – At Avignon, Pope Clement V signs a mandate consenting \"for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of Boniface VIII to proceed\" and sends it to the Bishop of Paris for the posthumous trial of Boniface for heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#October_–_December", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – At Avignon in France, Pope Clement V elevates nine bishops, all French, to the position of Roman Catholic cardinals. The nine include Jacques d'Euse, Bishop of Avignon, who will be elected Pope John XXII as Clement's successor in 1316.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#October_–_December", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – The Italian cardinals participating in the papal conclave in France walk out after weeks of harassment by supporters of a French candidate for pope. The rest of the College of Cardinals disperse to Avignon, seat of the Papacy; Orange, in the modern-day département of Vaucluse, and Valence in the modern-day département of Drôme. The conclave will not meet again for two years, during which time there is no Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#July_–_September", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – A papal court in Avignon, with Cardinal Berengar Fredol the Elder presiding, rules that Juan Fernández was properly elected Bishop of León (now in Spain), dismissing a challenge by Juan García. Fernández had been elected a year before, but his confirmation by the Pope was delayed because of the challenge. Before Fernández can travel to Avignon, however, he passes away on December 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#October_–_December", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – The coronation of Jacques Deuze as Pope John XXII takes place at Avignon in France, as he becomes the 196th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. His papacy will last until 1334.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#July_–_September", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – John XXII orders the Spiritual Franciscans, including the French priest Bernard Délicieux, to come to Avignon and answer for their disobedience. Upon arrival, Délicieux is arrested and interrogated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#April_–_June", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and philosopher, is summoned from Oxford to the papal court at Avignon; either at this time or later he comes into conflict with Pope John XXII and never returns to England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#Religion", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1325, "year_label": "1325 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – King Edward II sends a letter to Pope John XXII (who is in Avignon in France), expressing deep concern for Queen Isabella's failure to return home from Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366485647#October_–_December", "title": "1325", "revid": 1366485647, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1327, "year_label": "1327 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 (Good Friday) – Francesco Petrarca, Italian scholar and poet, sees a woman he names Laura (possibly Laura de Noves) in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of sonnets and other poems in Italian dedicated to her, which are collected into Il Canzoniere, an influential model for Renaissance culture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367267747#April_–_June", "title": "1327", "revid": 1367267747, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1328, "year_label": "1328 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon, under threat from Pope John XXII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344099935#Events", "title": "1328", "revid": 1344099935, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on the papal palace in Avignon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – At Avignon, Pope Urban V learns of a possible invasion of France by John of Gaunt and his intention to capture Provence, and writes to England's King Edward III to take steps to prevent it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#July–September", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370, when he is forced to return to Avignon, and shortly afterwards dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#October–December", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Urban V meet at Viterbo in Italy and make plans to enter Rome together after the Pope's travel from Avignon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#October–December", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The 200th Roman Catholic pontiff, Pope Urban V, dies in Avignon after eight years, the first five of which were in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#October–December", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – King David II of Scotland divorces his wife and queen consort of six years, Margaret Drummond. Queen Margaret then travels to Avignon and persuades Pope Urban V to rescind the divorce before King David dies the next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#January–March", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Saint Catherine of Siena, now the Roman Catholic patron saint of Italy, visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon in France, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#April–June", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Pope Gregory XI moves the papacy back from Avignon to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#January–March", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Pope Gregory XI dies at the Vatican in Rome after a little more than seven years as leader of the Roman Catholic Church, and shortly after moving the church leadership back to Rome from the French city of Avignon. Officials of Rome begin a campaign of intimidation to prevent the Roman Catholic cardinals, a majority of whom are French, from electing a French cardinal as Gregory's successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#January–March", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism, also known as the Great Schism. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#July–September", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – From Avignon in France, the antipope Clement VII issues his own a papal bull confirming the foundation of the University of Perpignan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#October–December", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Cardinal Pedro Martínez de Luna of the Kingdom of Aragon, opposed to the rule of the Roman Pope Urban VI, is elected at Avignon as the antipope Benedict XIII to succeed the antipope Clement VII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#July–September", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – At a gathering of French cardinals at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, the assembled clerics demand the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII (Pedro Martinez de Luna), who nine months earlier had been elected as the alternative to the Roman Pope Boniface IX. The only dissenting voice is Cardinal Martín de Zalba, but Benedict refuses to step down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#July–September", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Following the consensus of the Assembly of Paris of that had begun meeting on May 11, King Charles V of France signs an ordinance withdrawing obedience to both the French Avignon pope Benedict XIII and to Rome's Pope Boniface IX to issue benefices to persons who offer services to the Catholic Church. An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut occupies Avignon, and starts a five-year siege of the papal palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#July–September", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – The Assembly of Paris begins, as Catholic clergy and bishops discuss whether withdraw obedience from the rival popes, Boniface IX in Rome and the antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon withdrawing the right of either of the popes to bestow benefices to officials in France in return for past or future services.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#April–June", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The Bona crusaders from Spain sack the Algerian village of Tedelis in the Kingdom of Tlemcen, killing around 1,000 people, before abandoning the African crusade and returning to defend the siege of Avignon at France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#July–September", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – As King Martin I of Aragon helps to end the siege by the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to the Crown of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#January–March", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Western Schism: King Charles VI of France sends a letter to the Antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon, giving an ultimatum to Benedict and the other Avignon Papacy proponents to end the schism in the Roman Catholic Church against the Roman Obedience, headed by Pope Gregory XII. King Charles VI threatens that unless the schism ends by Ascension Day, 40 days after Easter (in 1408, April 24, with Ascension Day on June 3), France will end its support of the Avignon Obedience.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#January–March", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – On the day of the Feast of the Annunciation, the Council of Pisa opens at the Cathedral of Pisa with 22 cardinals, four patriarchs and 80 bishops to seek an end to the Western Schism and resolve the conflict between Pope Gregory XII of the Rome and Antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#January–March", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – A papal bull is issued from Avignon by the Antipope Benedict XIII for Joan Gilabert Jofré to create the Hospital dels Ignoscents, the world's first hospital for the treatment of mental illness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#January–March", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1423, "year_label": "1423 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón, a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, is elected by bishops in Avignon as the third \"antipope\", succeeding the late Antipope Benedict XIII, who had died on May 23 after a reign of more than 20 years. Sánchez Muñoz takes the name of Antipope Clement VIII as the Avignon clergy disagree with Pope Martin V of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656788#April–June", "title": "1423", "revid": 1365656788, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Mazan rapes trial: The Judicial Court in Avignon, France, finds Dominique Pelicot guilty of the aggravated rape of his ex-wife Gisèle Pelicot and imposes the maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. The 50 other defendants in the case are also convicted of crimes ranging from attempted rape to aggravated rape, and receive prison sentences ranging from three to 15 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#December", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › December"}}]}