{"slug": "ayyubid-dynasty", "label": "Ayyubid dynasty", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180114", "qid": "Q180114", "description": "Islamic dynasty from 1171 to 1341", "entries": 7, "years": 7, "span": [1190, 1250], "span_label": ["1190 CE", "1250 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "acre-israel", "label": "Acre, Israel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "saladin", "label": "Saladin", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bilad-al-sham", "label": "Bilad al-Sham", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "crusader-states", "label": "Crusader states", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "upper-mesopotamia", "label": "Upper Mesopotamia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "al-kamil", "label": "Al-Kamil", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "al-adil-i", "label": "Al-Adil I", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-cyprus", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Third_Crusade", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Massacre of Ayyadieh: Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located on Mount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Third_Crusade", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1193, "year_label": "1193 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Saladin (the Lion) dies of a fever at Damascus. The lands of the Ayyubid Dynasty of Syria and Egypt are split among his relatives. During his reign, he briefly unites the Muslim world, and drives the Crusaders out of Jerusalem to a narrow strip of coast. At the time of his death, Saladin has seventeen sons and one little daughter. Al-Afdal succeeds his father as ruler (emir) of Damascus, and inherits the headship of the Ayyubid family. His younger brother, the 22-year-old Al-Aziz, proclaims himself as independent sultan of Egypt. Al-Zahir receives Aleppo (with lands in northern Syria), and Turan-Shah receives Yemen. The other dominions and fiefs in the Oultrejordain (also called Lordship of Montréal) are divided between his sons and the two remaining brothers of Saladin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367180478#Levant", "title": "1193", "revid": 1367180478, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Levant", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Barons' Crusade: A Crusader force (some 1,500 knights) under King Theobald I of Navarre arrives at Acre. At a council of local barons – most prominently Walter IV of Brienne, Odo of Montbéliard, Balian of Beirut, John of Arsuf, and Balian of Sidon – plans are made to prepare an expedition against the Ayyubids in Egypt. Later, Theobald is joined by some Crusaders from Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Levant", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – As-Salih Ayyub becomes ruler of Egypt, after deposing his half-brother Al-Adil II. Meanwhile, other members of the Ayyubid Dynasty are conspiring to depose him and replace him with his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. During his reign, As-Salih begins buying large numbers of Kipchak slaves, to form an elite core in the Egyptian army, known as Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Africa", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana Shajar al-Durr.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}]}