{"slug": "belgium", "label": "Belgium", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31", "qid": "Q31", "description": "country in western Europe", "entries": 48, "years": 46, "span": [388, 2010], "span_label": ["388 CE", "2010 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "netherlands", "label": "Netherlands", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "county-of-flanders", "label": "County of Flanders", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "spanish-netherlands", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "brussels", "label": "Brussels", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "tournai", "label": "Tournai", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bruges", "label": "Bruges", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ghent", "label": "Ghent", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "salian-franks", "label": "Salian Franks", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "flanders", "label": "Flanders", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Frankish invasion of 388: Rebellious Franks led by Marcomer, Sunno and Genobaud invade the Roman Empire with plunder and threaten Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne). A part of the invaders are destroyed by the Romans in the charcoal forest (present-day Belgium). The Roman general Quintines pursues the invaders on Frankish soil and is ambushed. His army is surrounded and defeated by the Franks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Roman_Empire", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Childeric I succeeds his father Merovech as king of the Salian Franks. He establishes his capital at Tournai (modern Belgium) and becomes a foederatus (pl. foederati) of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Europe", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 481, "year_label": "481 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Childeric I dies at Tournai after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Clovis, who becomes ruler of the Salian Franks in the province Gallia Belgica (modern Belgium) until his death in 511.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789382#Europe", "title": "481", "revid": 1340789382, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Pepin II (of Herstal), mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). His grandson Theudoald (who at age eight was still well into early childhood) becomes the nominal mayor of the palace, while his wife Plectrude holds actual power and imprisons Pepin's illegitimate son Charles Martel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Europe", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Amblève: Charles Martel defeats his Neustrian and Frisian rivals near Amel (modern-day Belgium). His forces attack the army of Chilperic II and his allies, as they return triumphantly from Cologne. According to the Annals of Metz, Charles uses a feigned retreat to destroy his foes while they are resting, and recovers much of the ransom paid by Plectrude to Chilperic. He will remain undefeated until his death 25 years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Europe", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Louis I (son of Charlemagne), age 16, marries Ermengarde of Hesbaye. She is a Frankish noblewoman and the daughter of Ingerman, count of Hesbaye (modern Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Europe", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 891, "year_label": "891 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Leuven: Viking raiders on the Dyle River (near Leuven), in modern-day Belgium, suffer a crushing defeat by Frankish forces under King Arnulf of Carinthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072819#Europe", "title": "891", "revid": 1267072819, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Hungarians plunder the regions of Hesbaye and Carbonaria (modern Belgium). They plunder and burn the monastery of Saint Lambert from Hainaut, the monastery of Moorsel, sack the cities of Gembloux and Tournai.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Europe", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Dunstan, an abbot of Glastonbury Abbey, is sent into exile by King Eadwig. He takes refuge in Flanders (modern Belgium), where Count Arnulf I gives him shelter in the Abbey of Mont Blandin, near Ghent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Religion", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The city of Brussels is founded by Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine. He constructs fortifications (a castrum on an island) on the Senne River (modern Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#Europe", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 980, "year_label": "980 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Notker (or Notger), Frankish Benedictine monk and bishop, founds the Prince-Bishopric of Liège (modern Belgium) which will remain an independent state inside the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364109392#Religion", "title": "980", "revid": 1364109392, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Heriger, abbot of Lobbes (Belgium)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Deaths", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1037, "year_label": "1037 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Harold I seizes the throne of England from his half-brother Harthacnut. His mother, Emma of Normandy, flees to Bruges in Flanders (modern Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215302#England", "title": "1037", "revid": 1342215302, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1048, "year_label": "1048 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1048 or 1066 – End of the Viking Age: Vikings make an unsuccessful raid on the Kingdom of England; The raiders flee to Flanders (modern Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129783#England", "title": "1048", "revid": 1350129783, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1062, "year_label": "1062 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Affligem Abbey, of the Order of St. Benedict, is founded in Affligem (modern Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361243522#Religion", "title": "1062", "revid": 1361243522, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1065, "year_label": "1065 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Northumbria revolts against Tostig Godwinson, who is exiled. He takes refuge with his brother-in-law, Count Baldwin V in Flanders (modern Belgium). The Northumbrian nobles choose Morcar (or Morkere) as earl at York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271706#England", "title": "1065", "revid": 1365271706, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1128, "year_label": "1128 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – The city of Bruges in Flanders (modern Belgium) receives its city charter as well new walls, and canals are built.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046025#Europe", "title": "1128", "revid": 1348046025, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The counties of Flanders and Hainaut (modern Belgium) are united under Count Baldwin VIII. Flanders, a feudal fiefdom of France, becomes an important, wealthy independent state of Western Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1252, "year_label": "1252 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The town and monastery of Orval Abbey in Belgium burn to the ground; rebuilding takes 100 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269919#Europe", "title": "1252", "revid": 1365269919, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The construction of Ypres Cloth Hall, in Ypres (modern Belgium), is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#Architecture", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Louis Dampierre becomes the new Count of Flanders (the Flemish-speaking half of modern-day Belgium) upon the death of his grandfather, Robert III, \"The Lion of Flanders\". Louis has become Count of Nevers upon the July 22 death of his father (and Robert's eldest son), Count Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The Old University of Leuven, Belgium is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#October_–December", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1465, "year_label": "1465 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – Near Sint-Truiden in what is now Belgium, Charles the Bold, son of the Duke of Burgundy leads his troops to victory over the rebellious province of Liege at the Battle of Montenaken, and 1,200 of the rebels are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370409749#October–December", "title": "1465", "revid": 1370409749, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – The revolt of Ghent begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) as members of the city's guilds demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#July–September", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The \"Perpetual Edict\", providing for the removal of Spanish troops from what is now the Netherlands, is signed in the city of Marche-en-Famenne in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) by the Spanish Governor-General, Don Juan de Austria and representatives of the Dutch rebellion. The Perpetual Edict will last only five months, before Don Juan begins new attacks on the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#January–March", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – In Flanders (now part of Belgium), two Protestant members of the city council of Ghent, Jan van Hembyze and François van Ryhove, proclaim the Calvinist Republic of Ghent. The stadtholder of Flanders, Philippe III de Croÿ, Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishops Martin Rythovius of Ypres and Remi Drieux of Bruges. The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until the Spanish conquest of Ghent in 1584.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#October–December", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1578, "year_label": "1578 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – At the Battle of Rijmenam, fought near Antwerp in what is now Belgium, a combined Dutch and English force under the command of the Count of Boussu and England's John Norreys defeats Spanish troops commanded by Don Juan de Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356931160#July–September", "title": "1578", "revid": 1356931160, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – Battle of Borgerhout in Brabant (now Belgium): Spanish troops under the command of the Duke of Parma overwhelm rebels fighting for the Union of Utrecht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#January–March", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1587, "year_label": "1587 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – In the Burgundian Netherlands (part of modern-day Belgium), the faculty at the University of Leuven publishes a condemnation of the 34 propositions drawn up by the Jesuit scholar Michel Baius, leading to a campaign by traditional Belgian Catholics against the Jesuits.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478812#July–September", "title": "1587", "revid": 1362478812, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – England deports 47 Roman Catholic priests, including Thomas Garnet, putting them on board a ship bound for Flanders in modern-day Belgium. A royal proclamation is read to the group, warning them that they will be put to death if they ever return to the British Isles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#July–September", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – A peace conference opens at the Binnenhof at The Hague, in the Netherlands, to end a war between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#January–March", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – The Spanish Netherlands city of Ypres falls after a seven-day siege by the French Army. It is later returned to the Netherlands and eventually becomes part of Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#January–March", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The Siege of Namur begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#July–September", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – With the Holy Roman Empire having been ceded the \"Southern Netherlands\" (modern Belgium) from Spain, Prince Eugene of Savoy arrives in Brussels as the first Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands. Eugene soon returns home and leaves administration of the area to a dictatorial Hercule-Louis Turinetti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#April–June", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – The University of Ghent opens in Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#October–December", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#October–December", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#October–December", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#July–September", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The first railway in continental Europe is opened between Brussels and Mechelen in Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#April–June", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom, with its independence and neutrality guaranteed by the great powers of Europe. Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands, giving rise to a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg (the latter being joined (from September 5) to the German Confederation).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#April–June", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Delhaize, as predecessor for Ahold Delhaize, a major retail group in Europe, is founded in Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#Date_unknown", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – More than 40 schoolchildren from Belgium drown in the capsizing of a boat near the French town of Frelinghien.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#December", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#December", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux as representatives of the exiled governments sign the London Customs Convention.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#September", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Heysel Stadium disaster: Thirty-nine spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus (0–1) at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#May", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – The 5.3 Roermond earthquake affects the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#April", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10–July 2 – Belgium and the Netherlands jointly host the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament, which is won by France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371541477#June", "title": "2000", "revid": 1371541477, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Two trains collide in Halle, Belgium, killing 19 and injuring 171 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#February", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › February"}}]}