{"slug": "bithynia", "label": "Bithynia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373189", "qid": "Q373189", "description": "ancient region of Asia Minor", "entries": 35, "years": 33, "span": [-296, 1337], "span_label": ["297 BCE", "1337 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cappadocia", "label": "Cappadocia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "osman-i", "label": "Osman I", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nicaea", "label": "Nicaea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-pontus", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pergamum", "label": "Pergamum", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "phrygia", "label": "Phrygia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "chalcedon", "label": "Chalcedon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sultanate-of-rum", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -296, "year_label": "297 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Zipoetes I assumes the title of basileus (king) in Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129350#Bithynia", "title": "297 BC", "revid": 1350129350, "section": "Events › By place › Bithynia"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, is threatened with an invasion from Antiochus who has already made war upon his father, Zipoites. Antiochus actually invades Bithynia but withdraws again without risking a battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -277, "year_label": "278 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes I becomes the first ruler of Bithynia to assume the title of king. He founds the city of Nicomedia, which soon rises to great prosperity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129454#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "278 BC", "revid": 1350129454, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ziaelas, king of Bithynia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Births", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -242, "year_label": "243 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Prusias I Cholus (the Lame), king of Bithynia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172722#Births", "title": "243 BC", "revid": 1354172722, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -185, "year_label": "186 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Prusias I of Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368172407#Asia_Minor", "title": "186 BC", "revid": 1368172407, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -181, "year_label": "182 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Prusias I Chlorus, king of Bithynia (b. c. 228 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363193024#Deaths", "title": "182 BC", "revid": 1363193024, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a two-year struggle, Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum is finally able to defeat Prusias II, the aggressive king of Bithynia in northern Anatolia. He is assisted in his battle against Prusias II by Ariarathes V of Cappadocia (who has sent his son Demetrius to command his forces) and by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Asia_Minor", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes, the son of king Prusias II of Bithynia, who has been sent to Rome to argue for smaller reparations arising from his father's unsuccessful war against Pergamum, gains the support of the Roman Senate to the point where Prusias sends an emissary with secret orders to assassinate Nicomedes. However, the emissary reveals the plot to Nicomedes and persuades him to rebel against his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Asia_Minor", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -148, "year_label": "149 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With Roman help, Nicomedes II overthrows his father Prusias II as king of Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1000122190#Bithynia", "title": "149 BC", "revid": 1000122190, "section": "Events › By place › Bithynia"}}, {"year": -148, "year_label": "149 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Prusias II, Greek king of Bithynia (b. c. 220 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1000122190#Deaths", "title": "149 BC", "revid": 1000122190, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -126, "year_label": "127 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes II (Epiphanes), king of Bithynia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020642#Deaths", "title": "127 BC", "revid": 1326020642, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -93, "year_label": "94 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Nicomedes IV succeeds his father Nicomedes III as king of Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139783#Anatolia", "title": "94 BC", "revid": 1305139783, "section": "Events › By place › Anatolia"}}, {"year": -88, "year_label": "89 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Bithynia and Cappadocia, thus beginning the First Mithridatic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369865499#Asia_Minor", "title": "89 BC", "revid": 1369865499, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -87, "year_label": "88 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians in a single day (App.Mith.§§85–91). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703284#Greece", "title": "88 BC", "revid": 1325703284, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Rome on his death (75/4 BC). Angered by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declares war on Rome and invades Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -73, "year_label": "74 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman Senate upon his death (75/4 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138869#Roman_Republic", "title": "74 BC", "revid": 1373138869, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -73, "year_label": "74 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes IV (Philopator), king of Bithynia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138869#Deaths", "title": "74 BC", "revid": 1373138869, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Dio Chrysostom is banished from Rome, Italy, and Bithynia, after advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 109, "year_label": "109 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330325652#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 109", "revid": 1330325652, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 111, "year_label": "111 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan sends Pliny the Younger to be governor (legatus Augusti) of Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330325774#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 111", "revid": 1330325774, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 284, "year_label": "284 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor) on his way home to Rome. Suffering from an inflammation of the eyes, he travels in a closed litter in which soldiers find his decaying corpse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344146405#Roman_Empire", "title": "284", "revid": 1344146405, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 364, "year_label": "364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Lutetia (Paris) and establishes a militia to defend the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332420284#Roman_Empire", "title": "364", "revid": 1332420284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Procopius revolts and bribes two legions passing by Constantinople. He proclaims himself Emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 513, "year_label": "513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I reduces taxes in the provinces of Bithynia and Asia, to prevent them from joining the rebellion. Vitalian marches to Constantinople and encamps at the suburb of Hebdomon (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908252#Europe", "title": "513", "revid": 1364908252, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Phocas has Constantina, empress consort of Maurice, and her three daughters arrested. He accuses her of conspiracy, and has them executed at Chalcedon (Bithynia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yazid reaches Chalcedon in Bithynia, and takes the important Byzantine center Amorium (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Arabian_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – An army of 15,000 Bulgar and Slav horsemen under Justinian II appear before the walls of Constantinople. After three days, his troops discover an unused water conduit under the walls of the city, and enter through the Valens Aqueduct. Hearing that Justinian has taken control of the Blachernae Palace, Emperor Tiberios III flees to Bithynia (modern Turkey), where he evades capture for several months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1092, "year_label": "1092 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos bribes one of Kilij Arslan's (sultan of the Sultanate of Rum) officials to recover Sinope (the capital of Paphlagonia), and neighbouring coastal regions. He uses the Byzantine fleet to defeat the Seljuk navy off the coast of Cius in Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273814679#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1092", "revid": 1273814679, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Sultan Osman I calls for a military campaign to strike deep into Byzantine Bithynia. During the campaign, Ottoman forces capture the towns of İnegöl and Yenişehir. The later town will be transformed into a capital city, as Osman moves his administration and personal household within its walls. By the end of the year, Ottoman forces begin blockading the major Byzantine city of Nicaea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#Middle_East", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Battle of Bapheus: To counter the Turkish threat at Nicomedia, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the Bosporus to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan Osman I defeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city of Gemlik.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#July–September", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Nicomedia: After its foundation by Osman I in about 1299, the Ottoman Empire expanded across Bithynia in north-west Anatolia by capturing territory from the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#Date_unknown", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}