{"slug": "bolivia", "label": "Bolivia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750", "qid": "Q750", "description": "sovereign state in South America", "entries": 27, "years": 26, "span": [-199, 2009], "span_label": ["200 BCE", "2009 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "paraguay", "label": "Paraguay", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "peru", "label": "Peru", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "simon-bolivar", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ming-dynasty", "label": "Ming dynasty", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philippines", "label": "Philippines", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "portuguese-empire", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "manila", "label": "Manila", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-world", "label": "New World", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "brazil", "label": "Brazil", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "argentina", "label": "Argentina", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "uruguay", "label": "Uruguay", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#South_America", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › South America"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Potosí is founded by the Spanish as a mining town after the discovery of huge silver deposits in this area of modern-day Bolivia. Silver mined from Huayna Potosí Mountain provides most of the wealth on which the Spanish Empire is based until its fall in the early 19th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#April–June", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The city of La Paz, Bolivia, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#October–December", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#Date_unknown", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#April–June", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – The University of Saint Francis Xavier is founded in Bolivia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#April–June", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The city of La Paz (in modern-day Bolivia) declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#July–September", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1816, "year_label": "1816 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363267979#July–September", "title": "1816", "revid": 1363267979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of Simón Bolívar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#July–September", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#January–March", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – A Chilean prospecting party led by José Díaz Gana discovers the silver ores of Caracoles in the Bolivian portion of Atacama Desert, leading to the last of Chilean silver rushes and a diplomatic dispute over its taxation between Chile and Bolivia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#March", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – The Treaty of Valparaiso, an armistice between Chile and Bolivia, ends the War of the Pacific; Bolivia is obliged to cede Antofagasta to Chile, leaving Bolivia as a landlocked country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#April", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – Western bandits Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are supposedly killed in Bolivia, after being surrounded by a large group of soldiers. There are many rumors to the contrary however, and their grave sites are unmarked.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#November", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Beginning of the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia because of delimitation problems and others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#September", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Chaco War: Paraguay formally declares war on Bolivia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#May", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#June", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – A military coup occurs in Bolivia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#May", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Bolivia National Revolution: A universal vote enables indigenous peoples and women to vote, nationalizes mines and enacts agrarian reform.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#March–April", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – The Cochabamba–Santa Cruz highway connecting western and eastern Bolivia is inaugurated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#September", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – French author Régis Debray is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in Bolivia. (He will be released in 1970 after less than three years imprisonment.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#November", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia; they are executed the following day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#October", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Bolivian government releases Régis Debray.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#December", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Gen. Hugo Banzer, president of the military government of Bolivia, announces that the constitutional democracy will be restored in 1978 instead of 1980 as previously provided.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#November", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Bolivia reintroduces the Boliviano currency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#January", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – The Supreme Court in La Paz, Bolivia, sentences former dictator Luis Garcia Meza to 30 years in jail without parole for murder, theft, fraud and violating the constitution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#April", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – The remains of Che Guevara are returned to Cuba for burial, alongside some of his comrades. Guevara and his comrades were executed on October 9 1967 in Bolivia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#July", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – Bolivia becomes the first South American country to declare the right of indigenous people to govern themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#August", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › August"}}]}