{"slug": "bosnia-and-herzegovina", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225", "qid": "Q225", "description": "country in Southeast Europe", "entries": 28, "years": 25, "span": [439, 2004], "span_label": ["439 CE", "2004 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nato", "label": "NATO", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-croatia-9251102", "label": "Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sava", "label": "Sava", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dalmatia", "label": "Dalmatia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "yugoslavia", "label": "Yugoslavia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "albania", "label": "Albania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "durres", "label": "Durrës", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Hun and Roman envoys meet at Margum (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), an important market town on the Sava River. After negotiations, Attila and his brother Bleda, who are present, accept a four-point peace plan. Trading rights between the two states are confirmed and emperor Theodosius II pays an annual tribute of 700 pounds of gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Byzantium", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Balkans are freely overrun by the Slavs, who settle in large numbers in what is now Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and parts of Greece. The western territories of modern-day Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Croatia and Dalmatia) suffer raids from the Avars, who settle in this region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 854, "year_label": "854 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Croatian–Bulgarian battle: Bulgarian Khan (later Knyaz) Boris I, attacks the Duchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by Duke Trpimir I during the First Croatian-Bulgarian War. It is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of the warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129142#Europe", "title": "854", "revid": 1341129142, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 926, "year_label": "926 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Bosnian Highlands: Bulgarian forces under Duke Alogobotur are ambushed and defeated by a Croatian army of King Tomislav, in the mountainous area of Eastern Bosnia. Tsar Simeon I meets his first defeat against Croatia, but overruns the Western Balkans several times.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509745#Europe", "title": "926", "revid": 1341509745, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Croatian–Bulgarian War: Emperor Samuel launches a military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia to prevent an alliance between the Serbian principality and the Byzantines. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day Durrës in Albania) and advances along the Dalmatian coast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina), after the Siege of Zadar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Europe", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1163, "year_label": "1163 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia (d. 1204)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359581472#Births", "title": "1163", "revid": 1359581472, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Ban Kulin, Bosnian ruler, writes the Charter of Ban Kulin, which becomes a symbolic \"birth certificate\" of Bosnian language and statehood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Continental_Europe", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1204, "year_label": "1204 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November", "text": "November – Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia (b. 1163)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361051821#Deaths", "title": "1204", "revid": 1361051821, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#Date_unknown", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The Bosnian crisis begins, after the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#October", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#March–April", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#June", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – WWI: The Allies promise the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#August", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – WWII: Yugoslav General Draža Mihailović and a group of 80 soldiers and officers cross the Drina river in Bosnia and Herzegovina, arrive at Ravna Gora, in western Nazi-occupied Serbia and start fighting with German occupation troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#May", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – The second session of AVNOJ, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, is held in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, to determine the post-war ordering of the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Cazin rebellion in Bosnia against Communist agrarian reforms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#May", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – SFR Yugoslavia Prime minister Džemal Bijedić, his wife and 6 others are killed in a plane crash in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#January", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Brčko bridge massacre: around 100 Croat and Bosniak civilians are blown up while crossing the bridge across the Sava in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#April", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Bosnian Croat forces destroy the Stari Most, or Old Bridge of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by tank fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#November", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Four United States F-16s shoot down four Serbian J-21s over Bosnia and Herzegovina for violation of the Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#February", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The Vance–Owen peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina is announced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#February", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Operation Deliberate Force, the NATO bombing campaign against Bosnian Serb artillery positions, begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuing into September. At the same time, ARBiH forces begin an offensive against the Bosnian Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia and Bosnian Krajina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#August", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – A United States Air Force F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady is shot down over Bosnia and Herzegovina while patrolling the NATO no-fly zone. O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines six days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#June", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Bosnian Serbs break off contact with the Bosnian government and with representatives of IFOR, the NATO localised force, in reaction to the arrest of several Bosnian Serb war criminals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#February", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Alija Izetbegović is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#September", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Al-Qaeda carries out a terrorist attack in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#September", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Bosnia and Herzegovina gets a new national anthem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – EUFOR takes over peacekeeping duties in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the United Nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#December", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › December"}}]}