{"slug": "bosphorus", "label": "Bosphorus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorus", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 15, "years": 15, "span": [-46, 1988], "span_label": ["47 BCE", "1988 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "goths", "label": "Goths", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "uskudar", "label": "Üsküdar", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-legion", "label": "Roman legion", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dardanelles", "label": "Dardanelles", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "irene-of-athens", "label": "Irene of Athens", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -46, "year_label": "47 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosphorus, in the Battle of Zela (the war Caesar tersely describes as veni, vidi, vici).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209881860#Anatolia", "title": "47 BC", "revid": 1209881860, "section": "Events › By place › Anatolia"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Roman_Empire", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Florianus becomes Roman Emperor with the support of the Senate, but a general in the east, Marcus Aurelius Probus, usurps power against him. Florianus breaks off his campaign against the Goths and marches east from the Bosporus with support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maximinus Daza crosses the Bosphorus with an army of 70,000 men and lays siege to Heraclea in Thrace. He captures the city after eight days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Roman_Empire", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Battle of the Hellespont: Flavius Julius Crispus, the designated heir of his father Constantine, destroys the naval fleet of Licinius in the Dardanelles, allowing Constantine to cross over the Bosphorus into Asian provinces. Byzantium is besieged and Licinius assembles a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian at Lampsacus (modern-day Lapseki).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gainas, a Gothic leader, is made magister militum and forms an alliance with deserters of Tribigild along the Bosphorus. He proclaims himself co-regent (usurper), and installs his forces in Constantinople. Gainas deposes anti-Gothic officials and has Eutropius, imperial advisor (cubicularius), executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Roman_Empire", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Siege of Constantinople: Maslama begins a combined land and sea effort to capture Constantinople. The capital controls the Bosporus, access between the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and is defended by a garrison of roughly 25,000 men. Leo III orders the granaries be restocked and siege engines installed. The Arab besiegers are suffering immense losses due to disease, and from attrition of siege warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Siege of Constantinople: A Bulgar relief force attacks the siege lines at Constantinople, on the west side of the Bosporus. Contemporary chroniclers report that at least 22,000–32,000 Arabs are killed during the Bulgarian attacks. Caliph Umar II is forced to lift the siege after 13 months; the Muslim army attempts to withdraw back through Anatolia, while the rest escapes by sea in the remaining vessels. The Arab fleet suffers further casualties to storms, and an eruption of the volcano of Thera. According to Arab sources 150,000 Muslims perish during the campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Harun al-Rashid reaches as far as Chrysopolis, across the Bosporus Straits from the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. After the defection of the Armenian general Tatzates, Empress Irene accepts a three-year truce, including the annual payment of a tribute of 70,000 or 90,000 gold dinars, and the handing over of 10,000 silk garments. Harun releases all his captives (5,600 men), including chief minister Staurakios and other hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Abbasid_Empire", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus, and starts pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople. The raiders set homes on fire, and drown and kill the citizens. Unable to do anything to repel the invaders, Patriarch Photios I urges his flock to implore the Theotokos to save the Byzantine capital. Having devastated the suburbs, the Rus' Vikings pass into the Sea of Marmara and attack the Isles of the Princes, plundering the local monasteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Nikephoros II Phokas is proclaimed emperor by his troops in Caesarea. He sends a fleet to secure the Bosphorus Strait against his enemies. Chief minister Joseph Bringas gathers support and closes the gates of Constantinople. General Marianos Argyros is killed in a riot, forcing Bringas to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Emperor Basil II, supported by a contingent of 6,000 Varangians (the future Varangian Guard), organizes the defences of Constantinople to meet a threat from the insurgents, Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros. Basil crosses the Bosphorus, and leads a surprise attack on the rebel camp of Kalokyros Delphinas, at Chrysopolis. Delphinas is captured and executed, either by crucifixion or by impalement (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "Constantinople Agreement: Britain, France and the Russian Empire agree to give Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Bosphorus to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the Bolshevik Revolution).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is signed in Montreux, allowing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373216494#July–August", "title": "1936", "revid": 1373216494, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#July", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › July"}}]}