{"slug": "brenner-pass", "label": "Brenner Pass", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_Pass", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212946", "qid": "Q212946", "description": "mountain pass at the international border between Austria and Italy", "entries": 8, "years": 8, "span": [403, 1703], "span_label": ["403 CE", "1703 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "verona", "label": "Verona", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "henry-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pavia", "label": "Pavia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "berengar-ii-of-italy", "label": "Berengar II of Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tuscany", "label": "Tuscany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "regensburg", "label": "Regensburg", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "june", "label": "June", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 403, "year_label": "403 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641291#Roman_Empire", "title": "403", "revid": 1367641291, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads an East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he is recognized as overlord of France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass, and meets King Berengar I at a peace conference at Trento. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy), and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia, and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 951, "year_label": "951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – King Otto I crosses the Brenner Pass and takes his army into Italy. He is accompanied by his brothers, Henry I (duke of Bavaria), Bruno I, and Conrad the Red (duke of Lotharingia). Otto faces no opposition and they arrive in Pavia. Berengar II has departed the day before and entrenched himself in San Marino. Otto receives the homage of the Italian nobility, marries Adelaide, and declares himself King of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512694#Europe", "title": "951", "revid": 1341512694, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Otto I leads an expeditionary force into northern Italy through the Brenner Pass at Trento, to assist the beleaguered young Pope John XII. He proceeds towards Pavia – King Berengar II sends his son and co-ruler Adalbert II from Rome at the head of a large army to seize control of the Upper Adige and contest Otto's entry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Europe", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Otto III starts his first expedition to Italy from Regensburg, and proceeds over the Brenner Pass. News of Otto's arrival prompts Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome, to invite Pope John XV (exiled in Tuscany) back to Rome. Otto arrives in Verona, and receives ambassadors of Doge Pietro II Orseolo of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Europe", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Henry II crosses with an expeditionary force through the Brenner Pass to Trento. After initial military successes against Arduin of Ivrea, he receives the homage of the Italian clergy and Lombard noble families.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – After their victories at the Pontlatzer Bridge and the Brenner Pass, Tyrolese farmers drive out the Bavarian Elector, Maximilian II Emanuel, from North Tyrol and thus prevent the Bavarian Army, which is allied with France, from marching on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession. This success, at low cost, is the signal for the rebellion of the Tyrolese against Bavaria, and Elector Maximilian II Emanuel has to flee from Innsbruck. The Bavarian Army withdraws through Seefeld in Tirol back to Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#July–September", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}