{"slug": "brittany", "label": "Brittany", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327", "qid": "Q327", "description": "cultural area located in northwestern France", "entries": 36, "years": 33, "span": [-55, 1978], "span_label": ["56 BCE", "1978 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 20}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "english-channel", "label": "English Channel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nantes", "label": "Nantes", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nominoe", "label": "Nominoe", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aquitaine", "label": "Aquitaine", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hundred-years-war", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "royal-navy", "label": "Royal Navy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -55, "year_label": "56 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Morbihan: Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, one of Caesar's subordinates, defeats the Veneti of Brittany. The Gauls lose most of their warships to the Romans in a sea battle at modern-day Quiberon Bay. The strongholds on the coast are stormed, and the population is slaughtered or sold into slavery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862293#Roman_Republic", "title": "56 BC", "revid": 1325862293, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 444, "year_label": "444 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), settles the Alans around Valence and Orléans, to contain unrest in Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289774779#Europe", "title": "444", "revid": 1289774779, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 446, "year_label": "446 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visits Ravenna, seeking to soften imperial hostility towards the Bagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-mother Galla Placidia sends him a silver dish with a choice selection of prepared dainties—all vegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strict diet. Germanus petitions the Senate for leniency for the citizens of Armorica (Brittany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739578#Europe", "title": "446", "revid": 1364739578, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Budic II, king of Brittany (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Births", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Budic II returns to Cornouaille (Brittany), to claim the Breton throne (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Britannia", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Britannia"}}, {"year": 521, "year_label": "521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Samson of Dol is ordained as bishop in Brittany, on the Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340791992#Religion", "title": "521", "revid": 1340791992, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 564, "year_label": "564 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Samson of Dol, one of seven founder saints of Brittany, attends a council in Paris and witnesses several royal decrees (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800769#Religion", "title": "564", "revid": 1340800769, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Columbanus, Irish missionary, gathers 12 companions for his journey to Britain, probably to the Scottish coast. After a short time, he crosses the English Channel and lands in Brittany (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 587, "year_label": "587 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Guntram sends envoys to Brittany, to stop the raiding on Frankish territory. He compels obedience from Waroch II and demands 1,000 solidus for looting Nantes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756380#Europe", "title": "587", "revid": 1364756380, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 635, "year_label": "635 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Judicaël, high king of Domnonée (Brittany), visits King Dagobert I at his palace in Clichy (northwest of Paris), to promise he will remain under Frankish lordship. The Breton king arrives with gifts, but insults Dagobert by refusing to eat at the royal table.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906250#Europe", "title": "635", "revid": 1364906250, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Britain", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 753, "year_label": "753 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Grifo, Frankish duke and illegitimate son of Charles Martel, rebels against King Pepin III (\"the Short\") (his half-brother), in alliance with the Bretons. He flees to Italy to join King Aistulf of the Lombards, but is caught and killed while passing the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809798#Europe", "title": "753", "revid": 1340809798, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Louis the Pious returns from a campaign in Brittany, and is captured by his son Pepin I, king of Aquitaine. He is put under house arrest at Compiegne, and his wife Judith is incarcerated at Poitiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Europe", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Charles the Bald struggles against the repeated rebellions in Aquitaine, and against the Bretons in West Francia. He besieges Bernard I at the Battle of Toulouse, while Duke Nominoe raids into Maine, and plunders other Frankish territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 847, "year_label": "847 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Danish Vikings land in the Breton March (western part of Gaul). Duke Nominoe of Brittany fails to withstand them in battle, but succeeds in buying them off with gifts and persuading them to leave (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348153742#Europe", "title": "847", "revid": 1348153742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alan I, duke ('king') of Brittany", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Deaths", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Bertha of Blois, duchess consort of Brittany (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#Births", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Count Hugh II (du Puiset), in alliance with the Egyptian city of Ascalon, revolts against King Fulk V of Jerusalem, attempting to take Jaffa. Hugh submits to Fulk and is exiled for three years. While awaiting for a boat to Italy he is attacked by a Breton knight, but survives the attempted murder. Hugh retires to the Sicilian court of his cousin, King Roger II, who appoints him to the lordship of Gargano, where he dies soon afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Asia", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Henry II of England invades and conquers Brittany to punish the local Breton barons. He grants the territory to his 7-year-old son Geoffrey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#British_Isles", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The English win a small victory at La Roche-Derrien in Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Battle of St Pol de Léon: The English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Hundred Years' War: The French re-capture most of Brittany from the English, but are unable to take Brest, and John IV, Duke of Brittany, is forced into exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#April–June", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Joanna of Flanders, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1295)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Deaths", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Hundred Years' War, the French lose control of most of Brittany to the English.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#Date_unknown", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – An English revenge raid on Brittany by Sir William Wilford captures 40 ships and causes considerable damage ashore.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#October–December", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1434, "year_label": "1434 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, Brittany, is laid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335073150#April–June", "title": "1434", "revid": 1335073150, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – The Catholicon is published in Tréguier (Brittany). This Breton–greek–Latin dictionary had been written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first dictionary of either French or Breton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#October–December", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – War of the League of Cambrai – Battle of Saint-Mathieu: The English navy defeats the French-Breton fleet. Both navies use ships firing cannons through ports, and each loses its principal ship — Regent and Marie-la-Cordelière — through a large explosion aboard the latter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#July–September", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Brought on ships across the English Channel, an English fleet and army under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, attacks Brittany and Picardy after landing at Le Dourduff-en-Mer, near Calais, and burns and loots the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#July–September", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Battle of Quiberon Bay: The British fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Marshal de Conflans, near the coast of Brittany. This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War – after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#October–December", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "British forces land off Quiberon to aid the revolt in Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16–17 – War of the First Coalition: Cornwallis's Retreat – A British Royal Navy battle squadron commanded by William Cornwallis fends off a numerically superior French Navy fleet, off the coast of Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – British forces capture the Île d'Yeu off the coast of Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#July–December", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – Action of 13 January 1797, part of the War of the First Coalition: Two British Royal Navy frigates, HMS Indefatigable and HMS Amazon, drive the French 74-gun ship of the line Droits de l'Homme aground on the coast of Brittany, resulting in over 900 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#January–March", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – An oil tanker, Amoco Cadiz, runs aground on the coast of Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#March", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › March"}}]}