{"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219", "qid": "Q219", "description": "country in southeast Europe", "entries": 81, "years": 77, "span": [-70, 2024], "span_label": ["71 BCE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 40}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 13}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "romania", "label": "Romania", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "khan-title", "label": "Khan (title)", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "plovdiv", "label": "Plovdiv", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "slavs", "label": "Slavs", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "balkan-mountains", "label": "Balkan Mountains", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": -70, "year_label": "71 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nessebar in modern-day Bulgaria comes under Roman rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212466388#Roman_Republic", "title": "71 BC", "revid": 1212466388, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -28, "year_label": "29 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sofia, modern day capital of Bulgaria, is conquered by the Romans and becomes known as Ulpia Serdica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349908551#Roman_Republic", "title": "29 BC", "revid": 1349908551, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 316, "year_label": "316 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Battle of Mardia: Constantine I defeats his rival Licinius and senior officer Valerius Valens, near the town of Harmanli (Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758307#Roman_Empire", "title": "316", "revid": 1364758307, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 328, "year_label": "328 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Constantine's Bridge, built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria), is officially opened by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903834#Roman_Empire", "title": "328", "revid": 1364903834, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 347, "year_label": "347 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Council of Philippopolis is held as the result of Eastern bishops leaving the Council of Sardica. In Philippopolis (Bulgaria), they excommunicate Pope Julius, and as a result, the Arian controversy is perpetuated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074920#Religion", "title": "347", "revid": 1267074920, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 348, "year_label": "348 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Wulfila escapes religious persecution by the Gothic chieftain Athanaric, obtains permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia, and settles near Nicopolis ad Istrum (Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114391#Europe", "title": "348", "revid": 1367114391, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 376, "year_label": "376 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths, bungle administration of the refugees, and mistreat them, taking some of their children as slaves. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube and strike south towards the low-lying fertile region near Marcianople (Bulgaria). Although defying the local Roman officials, they are not in open revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204893#Roman_Empire", "title": "376", "revid": 1349204893, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Willows: The Romans abandon the guerrilla strategy and are attacked by the Goths. The battle is indecisive but both sides suffer heavy casualties. The only Roman army available to face the Goths is no longer a fighting force. Richomeres withdraws his troops south of Marcianople (Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fritigern concentrates his army at Cabyle (Bulgaria). The Goths are mainly centred in the river valleys south of the Balkan Mountains, around the towns of Beroea, Cabyle and Dibaltum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis (modern Bulgaria). The Romans negotiate for peace, but Uldin demands an exorbitant gold tribute in return for his withdrawal. This demand is rejected and Anthemius forces the Huns back across the Danube.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 412, "year_label": "412 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Olympiodorus, historical writer, is sent on an embassy by Honorius, and sails in stormy weather around Greece up the Black Sea, to meet the Huns who are located on the middle Danube (modern Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865702#Roman_Empire", "title": "412", "revid": 1346865702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 448, "year_label": "448 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Attila demands in the treaty the evacuation of the territory running from Singidunum (Belgrade, in Serbia) 300 mi km east along the Danube to Novae (Svishtov, in Bulgaria). This depopulated buffer zone deprives the Romans of their natural defensive advantages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330678266#Byzantium", "title": "448", "revid": 1330678266, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 513, "year_label": "513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vitalian defeats the Byzantines at Acris (Bulgaria), on the Black Sea coast. He attacks their fortified Laager in darkness, and in a crushing defeat kills a large part of the imperial army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908252#Europe", "title": "513", "revid": 1364908252, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkan Peninsula. The Avars, under King (khagan) Bayan I, invade the Lower Danube (modern Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 587, "year_label": "587 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Comentiolus, Byzantine general (magister militum), assembles an army of 10,000 men at Anchialus (modern Bulgaria). He prepares an ambush for the Avars in the Haemus Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756380#Eastern_Roman_Empire", "title": "587", "revid": 1364756380, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Balkan Campaign: A Byzantine relief force under Priscus marches up the Danube River along the southern bank to Novae (modern Bulgaria). The fortress city of Singidunum (Belgrade) is plundered by the Avars, and abandoned after the approach of the Byzantines. The Avars retreat and launch a raid against Dalmatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 596, "year_label": "596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice uses the city of Marcianopolis (modern Bulgaria) as a military base of operations on the lower Danube River, against the Slavs on the Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739187#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "596", "revid": 1364739187, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Comentiolus reopens the Gate of Trajan pass, near Ihtiman (Bulgaria). This strategic mountain pass, whose fortress \"Stipon\" defends the border between the provinces Thrace and Macedonia, is not used for decades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Balkans are freely overrun by the Slavs, who settle in large numbers in what is now Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and parts of Greece. The western territories of modern-day Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Croatia and Dalmatia) suffer raids from the Avars, who settle in this region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 680, "year_label": "680 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgars under Asparukh subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria, north of the Balkan Mountains. Emperor Constantine IV leads a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieges their fortified camp in Dobruja.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331672551#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "680", "revid": 1331672551, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Justinian II ascends to the throne again and rewards his ally Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, for his assistance with the title of kaisar (Caesar), which makes him second only to Justinian and the first foreign ruler in Byzantine history to receive such a title, and a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagora in modern-day Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 708, "year_label": "708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Anchialus: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Emperor Justinian II is defeated near the seaside city of Anchialus, on the Black Sea Coast. The Byzantines are overwhelmed by a surprise attack of Bulgarian cavalry, led by Tervel. Justinian manages to reach the fortress, and escapes to Constantinople on a ship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807106#Europe", "title": "708", "revid": 1340807106, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Madara Rider, an early medieval rock relief, is carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen in Bulgaria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marcellae: Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (500 ships and 6,000 cavalry) to Thrace, and defeats the Bulgars around the Danube Delta and near the fortress city of Markeli (modern Bulgaria). Kormisosh is forced to accept a peace treaty, and confirms the existing frontier. Due to the constant political crisis, the Bulgarian Empire is on the verge of destruction. Kormisosh is deposed during a palace coup and succeeded by Vinekh, a member of the Vokil clan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Rishki Pass: Emperor Constantine V invades Bulgaria again, but his forces are ambushed and defeated while crossing the Rishki Pass, near Stara Planina (modern Bulgaria). The Bulgarian ruler (khagan) Vinekh does not exploit his success, and begins peace negotiations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marcellae: Constantine VI leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into northern Thrace. At the border castle of Marcellae, near the modern town of Karnobat (Bulgaria), the Bulgarians under Kardam defeat the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Krum becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (until 814). During his reign Bulgarian territory doubles in size, from the Danube to the Dniester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Europe", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new campaign against the Bulgarian Empire, gathering an expeditionary force (most of the Roman army) from all parts of the empire. He is accompanied by high-ranking officials and aristocrats, including his son Stauracius and brother-in-law Michael I Rangabe (both later emperors temporarily). Krum, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria, sends envoys to sue for peace. Nikephoros refuses to accept the terms and marches through the Balkan passes towards Pliska, the Bulgarian capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs in the vicinity of Thessaloniki revolt against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos undertakes an evacuation of some Byzantine captives, who are settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 852, "year_label": "852 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which the Bulgarians have expanded into Upper Macedonia and Serbia. He is succeeded by his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287194271#Europe", "title": "852", "revid": 1287194271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 854, "year_label": "854 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Croatian–Bulgarian battle: Bulgarian Khan (later Knyaz) Boris I, attacks the Duchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by Duke Trpimir I during the First Croatian-Bulgarian War. It is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of the warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129142#Europe", "title": "854", "revid": 1341129142, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, abdicates the throne after a 37-year reign, and retires to a monastery. He is succeeded by his eldest son Vladimir, as monarch of Bulgaria. Vladimir falls under the influence of the old boyars; many remain anti-Christian and anti-Byzantine. He attempts to restore the former Frankish alliance, and to reestablish paganism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vladimir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, is dethroned by his father Boris I, with help from loyal boyars. He is blinded, and succeeded by his brother Simeon I, as prince of Bulgaria; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav. Simeon makes an alliance with the Pechenegs (or Patzinaks), a semi-nomad Turkic tribe from the Central Asian steppes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts to reconquer Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Europe", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1122, "year_label": "1122 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373038979#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1122", "revid": 1373038979, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Lovech: Byzantine forces under Isaac II besiege the fortress city of Lovech in north-central Bulgaria. After a three-month siege, Isaac is forced to accept a truce by recognizing the joint-rule of Peter II and Ivan Asen I as emperor's (or tsar) over the territory, leading to the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (until 1396).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Battle of Philippopolis: Bulgarian forces under Emperor (tsar) Boril are defeated by the Latin army (some 30,000 men) led by Emperor Henry of Flanders, near modern-day Plovdiv, Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Europe", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1280, "year_label": "1280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria flees from Tarnovo, ending the Asen dynasty in Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487782#Events", "title": "1280", "revid": 1362487782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Sofia Psalter is produced in Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#Date_unknown", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman Empire invades Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#Dates_unknown", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › Dates unknown"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February", "text": "February – Vladislav I of Wallachia liberates Vidin from the Hungarians, resulting in the restoration of Ivan Sratsimir on the throne of Bulgaria, in the autumn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#January–March", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Rival brothers Ivan Sratsimir and Ivan Shishman become co-Emperors of Bulgaria after the death of their father, Ivan Alexander. Bulgaria is weakened by the split.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#January–March", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Ottoman Turks capture the town of Ihtiman in west Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#Date_unknown", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Elder, one of the greatest rulers of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#July–September", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#October–December", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – The Crusaders, with more than 17,000 troops from France, Hungary, the Knights Hospitaler, Wallachia and the Holy Roman Empire , arrive at the outskirts of Nicopolis (now Nikopol in Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#July–September", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans capture the town of Vidin, the capital of the Tsardom of Vidin, the only remaining independent Bulgarian state. Emperor Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin is taken prisoner by early this year and later disappears while his son Constantine II becomes Emperor in his place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#Date_unknown", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – At Philippopolis in the Ottoman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#April–June", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – At the Battle of Zlatitsa in what is now Bulgaria, Ottoman troops under the Sultan Murad II and General Kasim Pasha defeat an attack by John Hunyadi and the forces of Hungary, Croatia, Poland and Serbia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#October–December", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1444, "year_label": "1444 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Đurađ Branković reclaims Serbia from Ottoman control after the signing of the peace of Szeged, and Wladyslaw of Hungary offers the throne of Bulgaria to John Hunyadi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359067554#July–September", "title": "1444", "revid": 1359067554, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#Date_unknown", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Austrians incite the Chiprovtsi Uprising against the Ottomans in Bulgaria after the siege of Belgrade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#Date_unknown", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1741, "year_label": "1741 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360183595#Date_unknown", "title": "1741", "revid": 1360183595, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 - An earthquake occurred in Edirne and affected the region all the way to Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#Date_unknown", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Feudalism and serfdom in Bulgaria are abolished in the Ottoman Empire (practically in 1880).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#Date_unknown", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – The Ruse–Varna railway line (the first railway in Bulgaria) officially opens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#November", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1869, "year_label": "1869 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian revolutionary, leader of the revolutionary movement in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace (d. 1952)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360511845#October–December", "title": "1869", "revid": 1360511845, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#July", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#July", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14–28 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17–19.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#November", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#September", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – An earthquake occurs in Chirpan, Bulgaria, followed four days later by another in Plovdiv. Between them, they destroy more than 21,000 buildings, and kill almost 130 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#April", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#September", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#March", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Bulgaria is declared a People's Republic after a referendum; King Simeon II leaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#September", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Traicho Kostov, who until March was acting president of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria, is sentenced to death for anti-Communist Party activity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#December", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – El Al Flight 402 from Vienna (Austria) to Tel Aviv, via Istanbul, is shot down over Bulgaria. All 58 passengers and crewmen aboard the Lockheed Constellation are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#July", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – In London, UK, a poison-filled pellet, supposedly injected using an umbrella, fatally poisons Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov; he dies four days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#September", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – A magnitude 5.7 earthquake destroys most of the Bulgarian town of Strajica, killing 2 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#December", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#November", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are admitted to NATO, the largest expansion of the organization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#March", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eurozone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#January", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Five Bulgarian nurses are released from Libyan prison after eight and a half years spent behind bars in Benghazi and Tripoli, marking the end of the so-called \"HIV trial in Libya\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#July", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#January", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Protests begin throughout Bulgaria with the goal of removing Borisov's cabinet and Chief Prosecutor Ivan Geshev from office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#July", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology publishes the result of radiocarbon and DNA analysis from the fossils that has been found in the Bacho Kiro cave, Bulgaria. The result, showing that the fossils belong to Homo sapiens instead of Neanderthal, indicates that modern humans may have arrived in Europe thousands of years earlier than previously thought.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: NATO announces that four new battlegroups totaling 40,000 troops will be deployed in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, along with enhanced readiness for potential chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#March", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Bulgaria and Romania become members of the Schengen Area through sea and air routes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#March", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › March"}}]}