{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12544", "qid": "Q12544", "description": "Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages", "entries": 382, "years": 347, "span": [310, 1494], "span_label": ["310 CE", "1494 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 186}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 50}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 46}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 41}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 20}, {"title": "Births", "count": 16}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 12}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 65}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 26}, {"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "pannonian-avars", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "basil-ii", "label": "Basil II", "shared": 11}], "items": [{"year": 310, "year_label": "310 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maximinus Daza, caesar under Emperor Galerius, is acclaimed augustus by his troops. Galerius is forced to recognize him as co-ruler of the East. The Roman Empire is thus divided between seven simultaneous emperors: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349300512#Roman_Empire", "title": "310", "revid": 1349300512, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 310, "year_label": "310 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "At Trier, Constantine orders the minting of a new coin, the solidus, in an effort to offset the declining value of the denarius and bring stability to the imperial currency by restoring a gold standard. The solidus (later known as the bezant) will be minted in the Byzantine Empire without change in weight or purity until the 10th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349300512#Commerce", "title": "310", "revid": 1349300512, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 320, "year_label": "320 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Licinius reneges on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan, and begins a new persecution of Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire. He imprisons Christians, confiscates their properties and destroys churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330750501#Roman_Empire", "title": "320", "revid": 1330750501, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 330, "year_label": "330 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city became the capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368804630#Roman_Empire", "title": "330", "revid": 1368804630, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 373, "year_label": "373 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Valens is converted to Arianism, and orders the persecution of Trinitarian Christians in the Roman East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742164#Roman_Empire", "title": "373", "revid": 1364742164, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is divided for the final time into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Roman_Empire", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 403, "year_label": "403 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius II, age 2, becomes consul of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641291#Roman_Empire", "title": "403", "revid": 1367641291, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 404, "year_label": "404 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Fravitta, a Goth serving the Eastern Roman Empire as a high-ranking general, is executed on the behest of a powerful official named Ioannes. Fravitta is executed because he accused Ioannes of pitting Emperor Arcadius and Emperor Honorius (of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, respectively) against each other. The execution of Fravitta results in the Eastern Roman Empire losing one of their most loyal and competent generals. (404 or 405)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641593#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 404", "revid": 1367641593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 410, "year_label": "410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Eastern Roman Empire sends six legions (6,000 men) to aid Honorius at Ravenna. He negotiates with King Alaric I, who ceremonially deposes Priscus Attalus as co-emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642022#Roman_Empire", "title": "410", "revid": 1367642022, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 414, "year_label": "414 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigns as regent and proclaims herself empress (Augusta) of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865369#Roman_Empire", "title": "414", "revid": 1346865369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 427, "year_label": "427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ephthalites (White Huns) invade Western Asia and reduce the Sasanian Empire threat to the Eastern Roman Empire. King Bahram V sends an expeditionary force into Khorasan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364738726#Asia", "title": "427", "revid": 1364738726, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 431, "year_label": "431 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311961439#Births", "title": "431", "revid": 1311961439, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Huns are united by King Rugila (also called Rua) on the Hungarian Plain. He exacts annual peace payments from the Eastern Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Europe", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius II bribes the Huns (after the death of Rugila) to keep the peace in the Eastern Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Roman_Empire", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Deaths", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 465, "year_label": "465 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Basiliscus, with the help of his sister Verina (wife of emperor Leo I), becomes a consul in the Eastern Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739674#Roman_Empire", "title": "465", "revid": 1364739674, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Europe", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 474, "year_label": "474 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Emperor Leo I dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old grandson Leo II, who briefly becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137662#Roman_Empire", "title": "474", "revid": 1360137662, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Basiliscus, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Deaths", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 479, "year_label": "479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great starts a 4-year campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The Ostrogoths ravage the Roman provinces (Moesia and Thrace), and threaten the capital of Constantinople itself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360119770#Europe", "title": "479", "revid": 1360119770, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 482, "year_label": "482 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 565)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789374#Births", "title": "482", "revid": 1340789374, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leontius raises a rebellion against emperor Zeno, who also faces a revolt from the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great. He sends an army to Syria, but is defeated by the Byzantine general Illus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 495, "year_label": "495 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gelasius I gains support from Italian bishops, in his assertion that the spiritual power of the papacy is superior to the emperor's temporal authority. Like his predecessors, the pope opposes the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I's efforts to establish Miaphysite doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907640#Religion", "title": "495", "revid": 1364907640, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 498, "year_label": "498 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I abolishes the chrysargyron tax throughout the Eastern Roman Empire, before reforming the monetary system, using Greek numerals instead of Roman.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365508717#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "498", "revid": 1365508717, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I concludes treaties with a number of nomad tribes in northern Arabia. In return for tribute to the Byzantine Empire and military defense of these eastern territories, such tribes are permitted to settle and farm agricultural lands in Arabia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I refuses to pay a share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates, through which nomadic tribes have come for raids on Persia and the Byzantine Empire. King Kavadh I invades Armenia and captures Theodosiopolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 504, "year_label": "504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Kavadh I hands over the fortress-city of Amida, and agrees to an armistice with the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747389#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "504", "revid": 1364747389, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Justin II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 578)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Births", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 529, "year_label": "529 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Harith ibn Jabalah becomes the fifth king of the Ghassanids. He helps the Byzantines to suppress the wide-scale Samaritan Revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343002#Arabia", "title": "529", "revid": 1351343002, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Satala: A Byzantine cavalry force (30,000 men) under command of Sittas defeats a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Persia", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 531, "year_label": "531 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men), commanded by Belisarius, is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities, and Belisarius is hailed as a hero.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343342#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "531", "revid": 1351343342, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimum: Gelimer attempts to ambush the Byzantines in a defile at the \"10th milestone\" from Carthage; due to inadequate coordination and the alertness of Belisarius, the attack is repulsed and the Vandals are scattered into the desert. Belisarius enters the capital and orders his soldiers not to kill or enslave the population. The fleet is stationed in the Lake of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Gelimer surrenders to Belisarius, after spending a winter in the mountains of Numidia. He and large numbers of captured Vandals are transported to Constantinople. The Vandal Kingdom ends, and the African provinces return to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I issues the Lex Julia and declares that a wife has no right to bring criminal charges of adultery against a husband. This makes divorce almost impossible in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Constantinianus, magister militum per Illyricum, retakes Dalmatia. The Goths abandon Salona and withdraw to the north. The Byzantines rebuild its walls and reclaim the province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Europe", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "unknown date – Mundus, Gepid Byzantine general (killed in action)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Deaths", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "As a result of persecutions by the Byzantine Empire, Monophysite Christians establish the Coptic Church in Alexandria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Religion", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Maurice, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 602)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Births", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Gothic War: The Goths and the Burgundians recapture Mediolanum (modern Milan), after many months of siege, the city reaching the point of starvation. The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) surrenders and is spared, but the inhabitants are massacred (according to Procopius 300,000 people are murdered), and the city itself is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Solomon captures the Aurès Mountains from the Moors and extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis. The city of Theveste (Algeria) is restored and fortified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Africa", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "John the Cappadocian, praetorian prefect of the East, is dismissed by the Byzantine empress Theodora for treason. He is banished to Cyzicus, and his estates are confiscated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of Faventia: King Totila scatters the Byzantine forces near Faventia (modern Faenza) with 5,000 men, beginning the resurgence of Gothic resistance to the reconquest of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Europe", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 544, "year_label": "544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Emperor Justinian I sends Belisarius back to the Ostrogothic Kingdom (Italy) with an inadequate Byzantine expeditionary force (4,000 men and 200 ships).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317382475#The_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East", "title": "544", "revid": 1317382475, "section": "Events › By place › The Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East"}}, {"year": 545, "year_label": "545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrau I signs a five year truce with the Byzantine Empire, but war continues to ravage the Caucasus region, especially in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799600#Persia", "title": "545", "revid": 1340799600, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Sack of Rome: After almost a year's siege, the capture of a grain fleet sent by the exiled Pope Vigilius near the mouth of the Tiber, and failure of troops of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius to relieve the city, the Ostrogoths under King Totila plunder Rome and destroy its fortifications. He then withdraws to Apulia (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marta: The Byzantine army under John Troglita is defeated by Moorish tribes in Tripolitania. He flees to Lunci (9 km south of Mahares), and is forced to withdraw north to the fortress of Laribus (near modern El Kef).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Africa", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I relieves Belisarius from military service, in favour of 70-year-old Byzantine general Narses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Sassanid Empire, under the reign of King Khosrow I, controls the trade of silk destined for Europe and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Persia", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The churches of Lazica (Georgia) and Armenia split. While the Armenian Church remains independent, the Georgian church unites with the Byzantine Empire. This ecclesiastical union deepens political and cultural contact between the two states. As a sign of Lazica's status vis-à-vis Byzantium, Lazic princes are vested with honorific titles of the Byzantine court, including kouropalates, or \"minister of the imperial palace\" (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Religion", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After the death of his cousin Germanus, Justinian I appoints Narses new supreme commander, and returns to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, he assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force totaling 20,000 or possibly 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 554, "year_label": "554 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Athanagild is crowned as king of the Visigoths and succeeds Agila I. He acknowledges the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904137#Europe", "title": "554", "revid": 1364904137, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 556, "year_label": "556 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lazic War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Justin retakes Archaeopolis (modern Georgia), and routs the Persian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739824#Persia", "title": "556", "revid": 1364739824, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 557, "year_label": "557 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Avars arrive in the northern region of the Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. They send envoys to the Byzantines in Lazica (modern Georgia). Like the Huns, the Avars are the former elite of a central Asian federation, which has been forced to flee westwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800259#Europe", "title": "557", "revid": 1340800259, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Istämi, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, establishes diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Asia", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 559, "year_label": "559 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan cross the frozen Danube River, and invade the Balkans. They raid Thracia and Macedonia, but are driven back near Constantinople by a Byzantine force under Belisarius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350439939#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "559", "revid": 1350439939, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Deaths", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Justin II succeeds his uncle Justinian I as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He begins his reign by refusing subsidies to the Avars, who conduct several large-scale raids through the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send the Cross of Justin II (\"Vatican Cross\") to Rome, to improve the relations with the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Religion", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Turkish khan sends emissaries to the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Asia", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Garamantian Kingdom (modern Libya) signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The capital city of Garama is converted to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ctesiphon, capital of the Sassanid Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Persia", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 571, "year_label": "571 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Byzantine province of Spania (modern Andalusia), and seize the city of Córdoba. After the death of his brother Liuva I, he becomes sole ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751956#Europe", "title": "571", "revid": 1364751956, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591: Emperor Justin II refuses to pay the annual tribute to Khosrau I, putting an end to the 50-year peace treaty established ten years earlier. The Armenians are considered allies to the Byzantine Empire, and Justin sends a Byzantine army into Persian territory, besieging the fortress city of Nisibis (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Persian forces under the command of King Khosrau I capture the Byzantine stronghold of Dara, after a six-month siege. Meanwhile, a smaller Persian army under Adarmahan advances from Babylon through the desert, crosses the Euphrates River and ravages Syria. The cities of Apamea and Antiochia are plundered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian Empire overthrows the Axumite- and Byzantine-affiliated regimes in Yemen (Arabian Peninsula).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Asia", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 575, "year_label": "575 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine army under command of Maurice drives the Persians from Cappodocia (modern Turkey), and strengthens the Byzantine position in Caucasian Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658531#Asia_Minor", "title": "575", "revid": 1367658531, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": 575, "year_label": "575 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658531#Births", "title": "575", "revid": 1367658531, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 576, "year_label": "576 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Baduarius, son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor Justin II, is sent to Italy to resist the Lombard conquest. He leads an aborted counter-assault against the Lombards and dies soon after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801569#Europe", "title": "576", "revid": 1340801569, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under command of Justinian (magister militum) invades Caucasian Albania, launching raids across the Caspian Sea against the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 578, "year_label": "578 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Emperor Justin II dies after several periods of insanity. On the advice of his wife Sophia, he has raised his general Tiberius to the rank of co-emperor (Caesar). From December 574 he has ruled jointly with Sophia, and now succeeds them as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801573#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "578", "revid": 1340801573, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Hormizd IV refuses to give up territories, and breaks off negotiations with the Byzantine Empire. The Türks invade Khorasan and reach Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Persia", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Sirmium: The Avars march to the right bank of the River Sava, and besiege the Byzantine stronghold of Sirmium (Pannonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Nu'man VI, son (de facto) of Mundhir III, revolts with the Ghassanids against the Byzantine Empire, after his father is treacherously arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Sirmium: The Avars, under their ruler (khagan) Bayan I, aided by Slavic auxiliary troops, capture the city of Sirmium after almost a 3-year siege. Bayan establishes a new base of operations within the Byzantine Empire, from which he plunders the Balkan Peninsula, including Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Europe", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Exarchate of Ravenna is founded, and organised into a group of duchies, mainly coastal cities on the Italian Peninsula. The civil and military head of these Byzantine territories is the exarch (governor) in Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars besiege Thessalonica (Central Macedonia), the second city of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 587, "year_label": "587 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice builds more fortifications along the Danube frontier, separating the Byzantine Empire from the realm of the Avars and Slavs (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756380#Eastern_Roman_Empire", "title": "587", "revid": 1364756380, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 588, "year_label": "588 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid War: Unpaid Byzantine troops mutiny against Priscus (magister militum per Orientem). King Hormizd IV begins a Persian offensive, but is defeated at Martyropolis (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753170#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "588", "revid": 1364753170, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Theodosius, eldest son of Maurice, is proclaimed as co-emperor. He becomes his father's heir to the Byzantine throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 592, "year_label": "592 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice regains the Byzantine stronghold Singidunum (modern Belgrade) from the Avars. By counter-invading their homelands on the Balkans, Byzantine troops increase their pay by pillaging in hostile territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754934#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "592", "revid": 1364754934, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Priscus, commander-in-chief in Thrace, defeats the Slavic tribes and Gepids on Byzantine territory south of the Danube. He crosses the river to fight in the uncharted swamps and forests of modern-day Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 594, "year_label": "594 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Balkan Campaign: The Slavs invade the Byzantine provinces of Moesia and Macedonia again; during their pillaging the towns of Aquis, Scupi and Zaldapa in Dobruja are destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756331#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "594", "revid": 1364756331, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards sack the town of Terracina (Central Italy). After they conquer more cities, Terracina remains an important military stronghold of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Europe", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice writes his last will, in which he describes his ideas for governing the Byzantine Empire (his eldest son, Theodosius, will rule the East from Constantinople, and his second son, Tiberius, the West from Rome).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege of the fortress city of Tomis (modern Romania). A Byzantine army under Comentiolus crosses the Balkan Mountains, and marches along the Danube River to Zikidiba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice refuses to pay ransom for 12,000 Byzantine soldiers taken prisoner by the Avars. Their leader Bayan I orders the execution of the prisoners, and slaughters them all. His failure to buy back the captives destroys Maurice's popularity with the Byzantine troops in the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Rome continues as part of the Byzantine Empire. The Italian mainland is divided into independent cities and duchies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Europe", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – A civil war breaks out and Phocas enters Constantinople. Maurice is captured trying to escape; he is forced to witness the slaughter of his five sons and all his supporters, and is then executed (beheaded) after a 20-year reign. His wife, Constantina, and his three daughters are spared, and sent to a monastery. Phocas is proclaimed the new emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars regroup after they are almost destroyed; together with the Slavs they start pillaging through the Byzantine provinces, west and south of the Danube. Due to the new Persian war, Emperor Phocas has few imperial troops available to defend the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicetas, cousin of future emperor Heraclius, launches an overland invasion in Egypt. He defeats a Byzantine army under Bonus (comes Orientis) outside Alexandria, sent from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Heraclian revolt: Heraclius arrives with a fleet from Africa at Constantinople. Assisted by an uprising in the capital, he overthrows and personally beheads Emperor Phocas. Heraclius gains the throne with help from his father Heraclius the Elder. His first major act is to change the official language of the Byzantine Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 611, "year_label": "611 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Eudoxia Epiphania, daughter of Byzantine emperor Heraclius", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802764#Births", "title": "611", "revid": 1340802764, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sisebut succeeds Gundemar as king of the Visigoths. He begins a campaign against the remains of Byzantine power in Spania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Europe", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius marries his niece Martina; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire. This second marriage is considered to fall within the prohibited degree of kinship, and is approved by the Catholic Church in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 614, "year_label": "614 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians destroy the Ghassanid Kingdom (Arabia), a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752346#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "614", "revid": 1364752346, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 614, "year_label": "614 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem: A Persian–Judaean army (26,000 men) commanded by Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem, after a 20-day siege against the Byzantine Empire. Somewhere between 57,000 and 66,500 citizens are slain; another 35,000 are enslaved, including the Patriarch Zacharias. Many churches in the city (including the \"Church of the Resurrection\" or Holy Sepulchre) are burned, and numerous relics, including the True Cross, the Holy Lance, and the Holy Sponge, are carried off to the Persian capital Ctesiphon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752346#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "614", "revid": 1364752346, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs under Chatzon attack in longboats along the coasts of Thessaly, western Anatolia, and various Greek islands. They besiege the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki in a combined land and sea attack. The Slavs with their families encamp before the city walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Adaloald, age 14, succeeds his father Agilulf as Lombard king of Italy. He reigns under his mother Theodelinda as regent. The Lombard Kingdom gradually begins to convert to Catholicism, and establishes peace with the Exarchate of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Europe", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars send envoys to Constantinople for a meeting with Heraclius. He is warned about an ambush, and flees for safety behind the city walls in time. Angry at the failure to capture the Byzantine emperor, the Avars plunder Thrace and return to the Danube River, carrying off 270,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanian War: A Persian expeditionary force under Shahrbaraz invades Egypt, and occupies the province. After defeating the Byzantine garrisons in the Nile Valley, the Persians march across the Libyan Desert as far as Cyrene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius prepares to leave Constantinople and moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage, but is convinced to stay by Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople. He begins to rebuild the Byzantine army with the aid of funds from church treasures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: King Khosrau II captures Ancyra, an important Byzantine military base in central Anatolia. After the conquest of Egypt and Palestine, he restores the Persian Empire as it existed in 490 BC under Darius I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 621, "year_label": "621 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius concludes a peace agreement (in exchange for an annual tribute) with the Avars on the Balkan Peninsula, giving him a free hand to assemble Byzantine forces in Asia Minor, for non-military expenditure against the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755711#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "621", "revid": 1364755711, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Suintila recapture the Byzantine territories of Spania (Andalusia), after 70 years of occupation. Only the Balearic Islands stay a part of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#Europe", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sarus: Heraclius is victorious in a Byzantine assault river crossing. The reinforced Persians under Shahrbaraz are defeated along the Sarus River, near Adana (modern Turkey). Heraclius recaptures Cappadocia and Pontus, and returns to Trapezus to spend the winter. Shahrbaraz retreats in good order, and is able to continue his advance through Asia Minor towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sweeps through southern Armenia with a 50,000-man expeditionary force, recapturing most of the Byzantine fortresses lost to the Persians ten and fifteen years earlier. The army of Shahrbaraz, still in Anatolia, is now cut off completely. Hearing from Byzantine agents (showing him letters) that King Khosrau II, dissatisfied with his failure to capture Constantinople, is planning to have him executed, he surrenders to Heraclius, refusing to join the Byzantine army against his ungrateful sovereign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – The first caliph, Abu Bakr, sends an expedition to Balqa, Byzantine Empire, led by Usama ibn Zayd. This expedition is sent based on Muhammad's decision before his death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Arabia", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Firaz: The Rashidun Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire, Persian Empire and Arab Christians (at least 10 times larger than Khalid's army) in Mesopotamia (Iraq).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Arabia", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 635, "year_label": "635 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – Battle of Fahl: The Rashidun army, (30,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid (known as the \"Drawn Sword of God\"), defeats the Byzantine forces led by Theodore Trithyrius, at Pella in the Jordan Valley (Jordan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906250#Arabia", "title": "635", "revid": 1364906250, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Arabia", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Siege of Jerusalem: The Rashidun army (20,000 men), led by 'Amr ibn al-'As, conquers Jerusalem after a six-month siege. The Byzantine garrison surrenders to Caliph Umar I, who is invited by Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, to pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Umar declines, fearing that accepting the invitation might endanger the church's status, and turn the Christian holy site into a mosque.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 640, "year_label": "640 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "At the request of Porga of Croatia, one of the first dukes or princes (Croatian: knez) of Dalmatian Croatia, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius sends Christian missionaries to the Croatian Provinces (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364750340#Europe", "title": "640", "revid": 1364750340, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under King Rothari conquer Genoa (Liguria), and all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower Po Valley, including Oderzo (Opitergium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Europe", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine III of the Byzantine Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Deaths", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Maurikios names himself dux of Rome, and revolts against exarch Isaac (Exarchate of Ravenna). He declares Rome's independence from the Exarchate and from the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor of Egypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building a Muslim fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: Alexandria is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs, after a Byzantine attempt (see 645) to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 years of rule by Greco-Roman states in the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 647, "year_label": "647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Self-proclaimed emperor Gregory the Patrician is killed during the Arab invasion at Sufetula. Africa returns to imperial allegiance after his death, but the foundation of Byzantine rule is fatally undermined.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804471#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "647", "revid": 1340804471, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 649, "year_label": "649 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor of Syria, develops an Arab navy in the Levant and uses it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea. It is manned by Monophysitise Christian, Coptic and Syrian Christian sailors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938693#Arabian_Empire", "title": "649", "revid": 1365938693, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II appoints his son Constantine IV, age 2, co-emperor (Augustus). He is too young to rule as monarch of the Byzantine Empire, and his title remains a given name.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The exiled Pope Martin I is deposed, and succeeded by Eugene I, as the 75th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. On September 17, Martin is taken to Constantinople and publicly humiliated, for having condemned the Byzantine Emperor Constans II in 649.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Religion", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 658, "year_label": "658 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II undertakes an expedition to the Balkan Peninsula, and defeats the Avars in Macedonia. He temporarily reasserts Byzantine rule, and resettles some of them in Anatolia to fight against the Rashidun Caliphate (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369710051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "658", "revid": 1369710051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 659, "year_label": "659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Constans II signs a peace treaty with the Rashidun Caliphate. He uses the pause to strengthen his defences, and consolidates Byzantine control over Armenia. Constans establishes the themata, dividing territorial command in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804363#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "659", "revid": 1340804363, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II is paranoid about the ambitions of his younger brother, Theodosius, and has him murdered. Having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decides to leave the Byzantine capital and moves to Syracuse (Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constans II moves the imperial court from Constantinople to Syracuse. He tries to stop the Arab conquest of Sicily, and restores Rome as seat of the Byzantine Empire. Constans strips sacred altar vessels from churches all over Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: An Arab army (40,000 men) advances through the desert, and captures the Byzantine city of Barca (Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Arabian_Empire", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 667, "year_label": "667 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Caliph Muawiyah I launches a series of attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa, Sicily and the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805207#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "667", "revid": 1340805207, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Muawiyah I receives an invitation from Saborios, Byzantine commander of the troops in Armenia, to help overthrow Constantine IV in Constantinople. He sends a Muslim army under his son Yazid, against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Arabian_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 669, "year_label": "669 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arab forces that have taken Chalcedon, on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, threaten the Byzantine capital Constantinople. The Muslim-Arabs are decimated by famine and disease. Yazid, the Arab commander, retreats to the island of Cyzicus (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805223#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "669", "revid": 1340805223, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Constantinople: The Arab fleet enters the Sea of Marmara and appears before the southern walls of Constantinople, in an attempt to blockade the Byzantine capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 676, "year_label": "676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Constantinople: Caliph Muawiyah I sends his son Yazid with Muslim reinforcements to Constantinople. At the same time, the Byzantines have to face a Slavic attack on Thessaloniki and Lombard attacks in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938815#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "676", "revid": 1365938815, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 679, "year_label": "679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine IV signs a peace treaty, of a nominal 30-year duration, with Caliph Mu'awiya I of the Umayyad Caliphate. Constantine pays an annual tribute of 3,000 (nomismata) pounds of gold, 50 horses and 50 slaves. The Arab garrisons are withdrawn from their bases on the Byzantine coastlands, including Crete & Cyzicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204947#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 679", "revid": 1349204947, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Constantine IV is forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia, and to pay protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace. Consequently, Constantine creates the Theme of Thrace of the Byzantine Empire (located in the south-eastern Balkans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 682, "year_label": "682 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At about this time, Muslim Umayyad Caliphate forces led by Uqba ibn Nafi overrun the south coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He occupies the cities of Tripoli and Carthage, the last Byzantine bases in Africa. In 682 or 683 the Umayyads are ambushed at the Battle of Vescera near Biskra (modern Algeria) by Romano-Berbers of King Caecilius and their Byzantine allies from the Exarchate of Carthage. Uqba ibn Nafi is killed and his army evacuates the city of Kairouan in Tunisia and withdraws to Barca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973674#Africa", "title": "682", "revid": 1347973674, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Leo III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 741)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Births", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II defeats the Bulgars of Macedonia and recaptures Thessalonica, the second most important Byzantine city in Europe. He resettles the subdued Slavs in Anatolia (modern Turkey), where they are required to provide 30,000 men to the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 692, "year_label": "692 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslims conquer Armenia, Iberia and Colchis, the last remaining Byzantine holdings east of the Taurus Mountains. Emperor Justinian II is forced to agree to joint Byzantine-Arab control of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806257#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "692", "revid": 1340806257, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 695, "year_label": "695 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The population of Byzantium revolts under Leontios, the strategos (military governor) of the Anatolic Theme, and proclaims him emperor. Justinian II is deposed and his nose is cut off (leading to his subsequent nickname of \"the Slit-nosed\"). He is exiled to Cherson (Crimea), and begins to plot an attempt to retake the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806239#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "695", "revid": 1340806239, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring–summer – Arab forces under Hasan ibn al-Nu'man capture Carthage, ending Byzantine rule in North Africa. The defeated Byzantine fleet revolts and proclaims Tiberios III, who deposes Leontios after a brief siege of Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Umayyad prince Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures the Byzantine stronghold of Theodosiopolis in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Arabian_Empire", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Avar and Slavic tribes conquer Byzantine territories in the Balkans, occupying lands as far south as the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 702, "year_label": "702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion against Muslim rule breaks out, with Byzantine support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807070#Arabian_Empire", "title": "702", "revid": 1340807070, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 703, "year_label": "703 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Faroald II, duke of Spoleto, attacks the Exarchate of Ravenna in Italy, after the death of his father Thrasimund I. King Aripert II of the Lombards, desiring good relations with the Byzantine Empire and papacy, refuses to assist him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807078#Europe", "title": "703", "revid": 1340807078, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Heraclius (brother of Tiberios III) defeats and destroys an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Sisium (modern Turkey) under Yazid ibn Hunayn, killing most and leading the others off in chains to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies in his winter resort at Al-Sinnabra (Palestine), after a 20-year reign. During his rule, the financial administration of the Umayyad Caliphate has been reorganized. Arab coins have replaced former Byzantine and Sassanian coins, and regular postal service has been established between Damascus and the provincial capitals. Abd al-Malik is succeeded by his son Al-Walid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 708, "year_label": "708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Anchialus: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Emperor Justinian II is defeated near the seaside city of Anchialus, on the Black Sea Coast. The Byzantines are overwhelmed by a surprise attack of Bulgarian cavalry, led by Tervel. Justinian manages to reach the fortress, and escapes to Constantinople on a ship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807106#Europe", "title": "708", "revid": 1340807106, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine general Leo (future emperor Leo III) recovers the Abkhazia (Caucasus) for the Byzantine Empire, from the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philippicus incites the inhabitants of Cherson to revolt, with the help of the Khazars. Emperor Justinian II sallies forth from Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the Crimea. Philippicus defeats the Byzantine forces in northern Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of Heraclius, that has ruled since 610.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Caliph Al-Walid I dies at Damascus after a 10-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. During his rule the Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest height, with successful campaigns undertaken in Transoxiana (Central Asia), Sindh (Pakistan), Hispania and against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Arabian_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Emperor Theodosios III is deposed after a reign of 1 year and 10 months. He is succeeded by the 32-year-old Leo III the Isaurian, a general (strategos) of the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). Theodosios and his son enter the clergy, and he probably becomes bishop of Ephesus. Leo brings an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy in the Byzantine Empire, which marks the beginning of the so-called Isaurian Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Leo III secures the Byzantine frontier, by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts of the Thracesian Theme (western Asia Minor). He undertakes a set of civil reforms, and reorganizes the theme structure in the Aegean region. Leo's 2-year-old son Constantine V is associated on the throne, and married to Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar ruler (khagan) Bihar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 722, "year_label": "722 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III enforces the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808641#Religion", "title": "722", "revid": 1340808641, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 724, "year_label": "724 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Muslim fleet raids the Byzantine-ruled Balearic Islands, as well as Byzantine Sardinia and Lombard Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808653#Arabian_Empire", "title": "724", "revid": 1340808653, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand puts Corsica, nominally under Byzantine authority, under Lombard government, defending it from Muslim raids (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 726, "year_label": "726 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III issues a series of edicts banning the veneration of images (726–729), and launching the iconoclastic controversies. Most of the clergy – particularly in Italy and Greece – are opposed to these edicts with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the Byzantine Empire the people refuse to obey his religious reforms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808661#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "726", "revid": 1340808661, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pope Gregory II condemns iconoclasm at Rome, causing Italy to break with the Byzantine Empire. He becomes the virtual temporal ruler of most Byzantine possessions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Religion", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Leo III of the Byzantine Empire orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. Many monks flee to Greece and Italy (taking smaller icons with them, hidden in their clothing); others flee to the caves of the Cappadocian desert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Religion", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of France, which gives him the nickname Martellus (\"The Hammer\"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 739, "year_label": "739 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under King Liutprand sack the Exarchate of Ravenna, and threaten Rome. Pope Gregory III asks Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, to help fight the Lombards (he also requests assistance in fighting the Byzantines and the Arabs). Liutprand signs a peace accord, and pulls back his forces to Pavia. After the pope's appeal to the Franks, a relationship begins that will continue as the Frankish Kingdom gains power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809724#Europe", "title": "739", "revid": 1340809724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Emperor Leo III (\"the Isaurian\") dies of dropsy at Constantinople, after a 24-year reign that has saved the Byzantine Empire and delivered Eastern Europe from the threat of an Arab conquest. He is succeeded by his son Constantine V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Leo III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Deaths", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 743, "year_label": "743 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Constantine V defeats his brother-in-law Artabasdos, who has led a two-year insurrection in an attempt to usurp the Byzantine throne. He heads for Constantinople, and captures the capital three months later. Artabasdos and his son Niketas are publicly blinded, and relegated to the monastery of Chora. Constantine renews his policy of Iconoclasm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906425#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "743", "revid": 1364906425, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Asia", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 751, "year_label": "751 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Aistulf of the Lombards captures Ravenna and the Romagna, ending the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. The last exarch Eutychius is killed by the Lombards. Aistulf threatens Rome, claiming a capitation tax. Pope Zachary, alarmed, appeals for aid from the Byzantine Empire, but his request is declined.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809785#Europe", "title": "751", "revid": 1340809785, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February – Council of Hieria: Emperor Constantine V summons a Christian council in the palace of Hieria in Constantinople. The council, under the presidency of Bishop Theodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy of Iconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of the monasteries; hundreds of monks and nuns are mutilated or put to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Religion", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Aistulf of the Lombards again threatens Rome with a view to making it his capital, but the Franks under Pepin III (\"the Short\") arrives with his sons Charles and Carloman, defeats Aistulf, and confers the Donation of Pepin, which establishes the Papal States (including the lands of Ravenna and the Pentapolis). Pepin has taken territory that legally belongs to the Byzantine Empire; he gives it to Pope Stephen II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Europe", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Pope Stephen II dies at Rome after a 5-year reign, in which he has freed the papacy from Byzantine rule. Stephen allies with Pepin III against the Lombards, and becomes the first temporal sovereign of the Papal States. He is succeeded by his brother Paul I, as the 93rd pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Religion", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Anchialus: Emperor Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (800 ships and 9,600 cavalry) to Thrace, to defend the fortress city of Anchialus on the Black Sea Coast. Meanwhile, Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, blocks the mountain passes and takes positions on the heights near Anchialus. During a desperate cavalry charge, the Bulgars are defeated and many are captured; Telets manages to escape. Constantine enters Constantinople in triumph, and kills all the prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 766, "year_label": "766 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Kamacha: Abbasid forces under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba are defeated at the fortress city of Kamacha, in eastern Cappadocia (modern Turkey). A Byzantine relief army (12,000 men) forces the Abbasids to retreat into Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073182#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "766", "revid": 1267073182, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Pope Paul I dies at Rome after a 10-year reign, in which he has protested against Constantine V's revival of Iconoclasm at Constantinople. He gives refuge to Greek monks who were expelled from the Byzantine Empire, and moves the relics of many saints from the catacombs to Roman churches. Duke Toto of Nepi has his layman brother elected to succeed Paul, under the name Constantine II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Religion", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Michael I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 844)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Births", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 771, "year_label": "771 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Constantine VI, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 797)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847758#Births", "title": "771", "revid": 1340847758, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Battle of Bagrevand: The Abbasids put an end to an Armenian rebellion. Muslim control over Transcaucasia is solidified, while several major Armenian nakharar families, notably the Mamikonian, lose power and flee to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Arab_Caliphate", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Caliphate"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Emperor Leo IV (\"the Khazar\") appoints his 5-year-old son Constantine VI co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire. This leads to an uprising, led by one of Leo's half-brothers, Caesar Nikephoros, the second son of former emperor Constantine V. The revolt is quickly suppressed. Fortunately for Nikephoros, his only punishment is to be stripped of his titles, while the rest of the conspirators are blinded, tonsured, and exiled to Cherson (southern Crimea) under guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab forces (95,000 men) under Harun al-Rashid, son of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, cross the Taurus Mountains and capture the Byzantine border fortress of Magida. Harun leaves his lieutenant Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus to besiege the city of Nakoleia (Phrygia), while another force (30,000 men), probably under Yahya ibn Khalid, is sent to raid the western coastlands of Asia Minor. Harun himself, with the main army, advances to the Opsician Theme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Abbasid_Empire", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine expeditionary force under Staurakios, chief minister (logothete), begins a campaign against the communities (Sclaviniae) of Greece. Setting out from Constantinople, the imperial army follows the Thracian coast into Macedonia, and then south into Thessaly, Central Greece and the Peloponnese. Staurakios restores a measure of Byzantine authority over these areas, and collects booty and tribute from the locals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Prince (or duke) Višeslav, with the support of Pope Adrian I and the Byzantine Empire, becomes ruler of Dalmatian Croatia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Europe", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Empress Irene sends a Byzantine expeditionary army to invade southern Italy, but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Second Council of Nicaea: Empress Irene restores the veneration of icons (images of Christ and saints). This is a major victory of the monks, who will advance extensive claims to complete freedom for the Eastern Orthodox Church in religious matters. This ends the iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Religion", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). It is confronted by two Byzantine armies at Podandos in Cappadocia, who are defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Pepin of Italy conquers Istria on the Adriatic, ignoring Byzantine protests. He establishes a tributary march, and sends missionaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Europe", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Armeniac Theme, located in northeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey), revolts against Empress Irene, and declares the 19-year-old Constantine VI sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Other themes follow its example, and imprison their strategoi. Constantine sends his iconoclast general Michael Lachanodrakon, to ensure that the Armeniacs (his closest supporters) take an oath. Irene is confined and imprisoned in her palace at Constantinople; all her eunuchs are exiled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Constantine VI suppresses a rebellion, and restores his mother Irene to her former position as co-empress of the Byzantine Empire. The rival factions in Constantinople continue their intrigues against Constantine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 797, "year_label": "797 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Constantine VI, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 771)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358611998#Deaths", "title": "797", "revid": 1358611998, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 797, "year_label": "797 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 or August 19 – Empress Irene organizes a conspiracy against her son Constantine VI. He is captured and blinded; Irene exiles him to Principo, where he dies shortly thereafter of his wounds. Irene begins a 5-year reign, and calls herself basileus (\"emperor\") of the Byzantine Empire. (Sources and historians conflict on whether this was in April or August.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358611998#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "797", "revid": 1358611998, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Empress Irene is deposed after a 5-year reign, and banished to Lesbos. High-ranking patricians place Nikephoros, the minister of finance (logothetes tou genikou), on the throne. He is crowned in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, by Patriarch Tarasios, as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Patras: Local Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese lay siege to the city of Patras (modern Greece), with aid from an Arab fleet. A Byzantine relief army under Skleros, military governor (strategos) from Corinth, is sent and retakes the city. The captured Slavs in Patras are made slaves, and a church is dedicated to St. Andrew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Serdica: Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, captures the fortress of Serdica (modern Sofia), after a long siege. According to Byzantine sources, he massacres the garrison (supposedly 6,000 men), sacks the city, and razes the city walls, before returning with much loot to Bulgaria. In the following years (and centuries), Serdica will serve as a base for the expansion of the Bulgars to the south of the Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Venetian dukes change sides again, submitting to King Pepin, under the authority of his father Charlemagne, who then proceeds to take Venice. Emperor Nikephoros I sends a Byzantine fleet to Dalmatia, prompting Pepin to withdraw to the mainland. A legate is dispatched to Venice, where he deposes the turncoat dukes, before continuing on to Aachen, to negotiate a peace with Charlemagne. Charlemagne recognises Byzantine dominance over Venice and Dalmatia in the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Basil I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 886)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Births", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Michael I is declared emperor of the Byzantine Empire; Stauracius is forced by senior officials to retire to a monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Michael I re-opens peace negotiations with the Franks, and recognizes Charlemagne as emperor (basileus) of the Frankish Empire. In exchange for this recognition, Venice is returned to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theophilus, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 842)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Births", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). His sons are castrated to prevent them succeeding the Byzantine throne, and relegated into monasteries. One of them, Niketas (renamed Ignatius), eventually becomes a patriarch of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 814, "year_label": "814 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars: Over the winter Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, had assembled a huge army (including Slavs and Avars), for a campaign against the Byzantine Empire. But before he sets out for a major attack on Constantinople, he dies of a stroke. Krum is succeeded by his son Omurtag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "814", "revid": 1366655218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 820, "year_label": "820 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25, Leo V, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 775)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013367#Deaths", "title": "820", "revid": 1345013367, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 826, "year_label": "826 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941323#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "826", "revid": 1340941323, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Syracuse: The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat a Byzantine relief army sent from Palermo, and backed by a Venetian fleet led by Giustiniano Participazio. Al-Furat decides to break off the siege at Syracuse, as his forces suffer greatly from lack of food. Later he dies during an outbreak of an epidemic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Michael II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 770)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Deaths", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Emperor Michael II dies after an 8-year reign in Constantinople, and is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Theophilos, as sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He continues his father's ideology of iconoclasm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Muslim reinforcements from Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus (modern Spain) defeat Byzantine forces under Theodotus in Sicily, but a plague once again compels them to retreat to Mazara del Vallo, and evacuate to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Emperor Theophilos, 16, marries the Armenian noblewoman Theodora, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. He chooses her during a representation of a bride-show; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Muslim Arabs under Caliph Al-Ma'mun launch an invasion into Anatolia (modern Turkey), and capture a number of Byzantine forts. Heraclea Cybistra and Tyana fall to the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 832, "year_label": "832 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theophilos promulgates a new edict against the usage of icons in the Byzantine Empire. He establishes strict punishments against idolators, and persecutes violators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075509#Religion", "title": "832", "revid": 1267075509, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Arab War: Emperor Theophilos signs an armistice for peace with the Abbasid Caliphate. He offers Caliph Al-Ma'mun 100,000 gold dinars, in return for 7,000 Byzantine prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs in the vicinity of Thessaloniki revolt against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos undertakes an evacuation of some Byzantine captives, who are settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hungarians (also known as Magyars) who until this time have lived east of the Carpathians, raid the Lower Danube at the request of the Bulgarian Empire against the Byzantine insurgents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, inflicts a severe defeat on the Cretan Saracens. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force, to raid the monastic community near Mount Latros (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Emperor Theophilos dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 12-year reign in which he expended much effort defending the eastern frontier against the invading Muslim Arabs. Theophilos is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Michael III, with his mother Theodora as regent and the 'temporary' sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Byzantine expedition, led by Theoktistos, conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army, due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Arabian_Empire", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Feast of Orthodoxy – Official end of Iconoclasm: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Religion", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of Mauropotamos: A Byzantine expedition under Theoktistos is sent to Anatolia (modern Turkey), against the Muslim Arabs of the Abbasid Caliphate, who have raided the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia, Anatolikon, Boukellarion, and Opsikion. The Byzantines are defeated, and many of the officers defect to the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 845, "year_label": "845 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: A prisoner exchange occurs between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate, at the River Lamos in Cilicia (modern Turkey). The exchanges last for 10 days, and the Byzantines recover 4,600 prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342044538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "845", "revid": 1342044538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 847, "year_label": "847 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Saracens, under the Berber leader Kalfun, capture the Byzantine city of Bari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first ruler of the Emirate of Bari, and expands his influence on the Italian mainland with raids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348153742#Europe", "title": "847", "revid": 1348153742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 853, "year_label": "853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072185#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "853", "revid": 1267072185, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Emperor Michael III overthrows the regency of his mother Theodora. He appoints his uncle Bardas as the de facto regent and co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 857, "year_label": "857 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Michael III, under the influence of his uncle Bardas, banishes his mother Theodora to the Gastria Monastery. Bardas, the de facto regent, becomes the most powerful person in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075868#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "857", "revid": 1267075868, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius arrive in Khazaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Religion", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus, and starts pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople. The raiders set homes on fire, and drown and kill the citizens. Unable to do anything to repel the invaders, Patriarch Photios I urges his flock to implore the Theotokos to save the Byzantine capital. Having devastated the suburbs, the Rus' Vikings pass into the Sea of Marmara and attack the Isles of the Princes, plundering the local monasteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine Empire invades Bulgaria in order to impose Orthodox Christianity on Boris I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Europe", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Battle of Lalakaon: A Byzantine army confronts an invasion by Muslim forces, led by Umar al-Aqta, Emir of Malatya. The Muslims raid deep into Byzantine territory, reaching the Black Sea coast at the port city of Amisos. Petronas annihilates the Arabs near the River Lalakaon, in Paphlagonia (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Bardas, the regent of the Byzantine Empire, is murdered by Basil the Macedonian at Miletus, while conducting a large-scale expedition against the Saracen stronghold of Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Basil the Macedonian is crowned co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, and is adopted by the much younger Michael III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 867, "year_label": "867 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Emperor Michael III is murdered, by order of his co-emperor Basil I. Basil becomes sole ruler (basileus) of the Byzantine Empire, and founds the Macedonian Dynasty (until 1056). Basil rebuilds the Byzantine army and navy, in an effort to restore the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655299#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "867", "revid": 1366655299, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 869, "year_label": "869 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Basil I allies with the Frankish emperor Louis II against the Saracens. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 400 ships (according to the Annales Bertiniani), under the command of Admiral Niketas Ooryphas, to support Louis (who is besieging the city port of Bari) and to clear the south of the Adriatic Sea of Muslim raiders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369351830#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "869", "revid": 1369351830, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: A Muslim expeditionary force, led by Halaf al-Hadim, Arab governor of Sicily, conquers Malta. He is welcomed by the local Christian inhabitants as liberator of the agonizing Byzantine yoke. The Muslims sign a treaty with the Christians to live in peace after liberating the island from the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "At the invitation of Benevento, the newly-restored Byzantine fleet appears in the waters off Otranto. On the orders of Emperor Basil I, the Byzantines sail up the Adriatic Sea and reconquer part of southern Italy. The city of Bari is occupied in the name of the Byzantine Empire. Instead of holding it for his 'ally' Adelchis of Benevento, Basil makes it the capital of the new Byzantine Theme of Longobardia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 877, "year_label": "877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Siege of Syracuse: The Aghlabids begin raiding the Byzantine territories, in the east of the island of Sicily. They besiege Syracuse, and blockade the fortress city by sea and land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071400#Europe", "title": "877", "revid": 1267071400, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 880, "year_label": "880 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cephalonia: A Byzantine fleet, under Admiral Nasar, is sent by Emperor Basil I to the Ionian Islands. Nasar defeats the Aghlabids in a night battle near Cephalonia (modern Greece).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372561483#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "880", "revid": 1372561483, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid governor of Tarsus, routs a Byzantine army under general Kesta Styppiotes, in a night attack. According to Arab chroniclers, 70,000 out of 100,000 Byzantine troops are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Arabian_Empire", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Basil I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 811)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Deaths", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Emperor Basil I the Macedonian dies from a fever, contracted after a hunting accident. He is succeeded by the 19-year-old Leo VI, officially Basil's son, but reputedly a son of former emperor Michael III, as sole ruler (basileus) of the Byzantine Empire. After his coronation Leo reburies the remains of his reputed father Michael, with great ceremony in the imperial mausoleum, within the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Magyars, an Ugric tribe from the steppe of Central Asia, move west under the leadership of Árpád. They are pushed by their rivals, the Pechenegs, into the Balkan Peninsula, and become entangled in a war between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. The Magyars head north and settle in Great Moravia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 891, "year_label": "891 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Orso, Lombard prince of Benevento, is deposed after the capture of Benevento by the Byzantines. Benevento becomes the capital of the thema of Longobardia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072819#Europe", "title": "891", "revid": 1267072819, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Vladimir, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, signs a military alliance with Arnulf of Carinthia of the East Frankish Kingdom. This alliance works against the pro-Byzantine policy of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Europe", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and basileopator, convinces Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) to move the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki. This affects the commercial importance of Bulgarian trade. Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, mobilizes his Bulgarian forces and invades Byzantine territory, ravaging the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Magyars are expelled from western Siberia, and settle in the Carpathian Basin, under the leadership of Árpád (the traditional date of 896 held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) seeks aid from the Magyars, and after crossing the Danube on Byzantine ships, they ravage Bulgarian territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Boulgarophygon: Simeon I invades the Theme of Thrace (in the southeastern Balkans). The Byzantines transfer a new army to Europe, to deal with the Bulgarian threat. The armies clash at Boulgarophygon (modern Turkey); the Byzantines are completely destroyed in battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Europe", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Abu Abbas Abdallah resumes his Aghlabid campaign against the Byzantine enclaves of Sicily. He dispatches his fleet towards Messina, while bombarding the town walls of Damona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Europe", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid army. After nearly 75 years, all of Sicily is in Aghlabid hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Byzantines under Andronikos Doukas, along with Eustathios Argyros, campaign against the Abbasids and defeat the Muslim garrisons of Mopsuestia and Tarsus, near Marash (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 906, "year_label": "906 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – Abbasid commander Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire from Tarsus, joined by the governor Rustam ibn Baradu. He reaches the Halys River and takes 4,000–5,000 captives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364979263#Arabian_Empire", "title": "906", "revid": 1364979263, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rus'–Byzantine War: Varangian prince Oleg of Novgorod leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople, concluded by the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (in which the city of Chernihiv in Ukraine is first mentioned). He lays siege to the Byzantine capital with some 2,000 ships (dugout boats), and secures trading rights from the world's leading center of commerce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 908, "year_label": "908 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – The three-year-old Constantine VII, the son of Emperor Leo VI (the Wise), is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire by Patriarch Euthymius I at Constantinople. The ceremony is held in the Hagia Sophia. After the rituals, Constantine is crowned (symbolically) and becomes Leo's successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468131#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "908", "revid": 1364468131, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 969)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Births", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) dies after a 26-year reign, in which he has completed the Byzantine code of laws (Basilika). He is succeeded by his brother Alexander III as emperor (basileus) alongside Leo's 6-year-old son Constantine VII. Alexander becomes de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire and expels Empress Zoe Karbonopsina, the mother of Constantine, from the palace and exiles her to a nunnery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Emperor Alexander III dies of exhaustion while playing the game tzykanion (Byzantine name for polo). He is succeeded by his 8-year-old nephew Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (\"born in the purple\"), a son of the late emperor Leo VI (the Wise). The government is administered by a regency council composed of Constantine's mother, Empress Zoe Karbonopsina, Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos and his guardian John Eladas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I, with the Bulgarian army, invades the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrate into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west. Thrace's largest and most important city, Adrianople (modern Turkey), is besieged and captured. However, the Byzantines promptly regain the city in exchange for a huge ransom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Battle of Achelous: A Byzantine expeditionary force (62,000 men) under General Leo Phokas (the Elder) is routed by the Bulgarians at the Achelous River near the fortress of Anchialos (modern Pomorie) on the Black Sea coast. Phokas flees to Mesembria (modern Nesebar) and escapes by boarding a ship. Tsar Simeon I (the Great) becomes de facto ruler of the whole Balkan Peninsula, except the well-protected Byzantine capital of Constantinople and the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Romanos I has himself crowned co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He shares the throne with the 15-year-old Constantine VII (his son-in-law), and constructs an alternative palace at Constantinople with an adjoining monastery near the Great Palace. Though Constantine retains his formal position as first on the protocol list, Romanos becomes sole ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Landulf I, prince of Benevento, supports an anti-Greek Apulian rebellion, ravaging several Byzantine strongpoints as far as Ascoli. The Apulian nobility, professing loyalty to the Byzantine Empire, appoints Landulf as stratego of the Theme of Longobardia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 922, "year_label": "922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Constantinople: Emperor Romanos I sends Byzantine troops to repel another Bulgarian raid at the outskirts of Constantinople. The Byzantines storm the Bulgarian camp, but are defeated when they are confronted by the main Bulgarian forces. Having won the battle, the Bulgarians lack the maritime power to conduct a successful siege of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509630#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "922", "revid": 1341509630, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October — In Byzantium, John Mystikos, chief minister (paradynasteuon), is deposed by the Emperor Romanos I, flogged, and sent into exile in a monastery. He is replaced by the chamberlain (protovestiarios) Theophanes, who becomes the closest adviser of Emperor Romanos I. At this time the Byzantine Empire has been embroiled in a protracted and disastrous war with Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 927, "year_label": "927 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Simeon I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies of heart failure in his palace at Preslav after a 34-year reign. He is survived by four sons and succeeded by his second son Peter I, who signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The peace is confirmed by Peter's marrying Maria Lekapene (the daughter of Christopher Lekapenos, son and co-emperor of Romanos I). The treaty restores the borders to those established by several treaties (thus recognizing Bulgaria's possession of Macedonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341517107#Europe", "title": "927", "revid": 1341517107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Slavic-Arab leader Sabir defeats a small Byzantine fleet and seizes Termoli (in Molise, on the Adriatic coast). He returns to Africa laden with booty and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 934, "year_label": "934 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of W.l.n.d.r: The Hungarians and Pechenegs kill Constantinople's inhabitants, inflict severe damage on the countryside, and defeat both the Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria, forcing them to pay tribute. Emperor Romanos I signs a peace treaty with the Hungarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512094#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "934", "revid": 1341512094, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 942, "year_label": "942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Fraxinet: King Hugh of Provence launches an attack on Fraxinet, the Moorish fortress on the Côté d'Azur that had taken control of the Piedmontese valleys. With the assistance of a Byzantine fleet sent by Emperor Romanos I, Hugh lays siege to the Moorish fortress with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops (Kabars).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918673#Europe", "title": "942", "revid": 1364918673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 943, "year_label": "943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Allied with the Rus', a Hungarian army raids Moesia and Thrace. Emperor Romanos I buys peace, and accepts to pay a yearly tribute (protection money) to the Hungarians. His frontiers now 'protected' on the Balkan Peninsula, Romanos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (80,000 men) led by general John Kourkouas (his commander-in-chief) to invade northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "943", "revid": 1364916983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown barely a month after deposing their father, Romanos I. With the help of his wife, Constantine VII becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He appoints to the highest army commands four members of the Phokas family, which have been in disgrace under Romanos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 948, "year_label": "948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into Asia Minor. The Byzantines respond with reprisals led by Leo Phokas the Younger, taking captives and razing the walls of Hadath (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512591#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "948", "revid": 1341512591, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into the theme of Lykandos, but are defeated. The Byzantines counter-attack and seize Germanikeia, defeating an army from Tarsus, and raiding as far south as Antioch. General (strategos) Theophilos Kourkouas captures Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum) after a 7-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marash: Emir Sayf al-Dawla marches north into the Byzantine Empire and ravages the countryside of Malatya (modern Turkey). On his way back, he crosses the Euphrates and intercepts a Byzantine army led by Bardas Phokas (the Elder), near Marash. The Byzantines are defeated; Bardas himself barely escapes through the intervention of his attendants. His son Constantine Phokas, governor of Seleucia, is captured and held prisoner in Aleppo, until his death from an illness some time later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Constantine VII appoints Nikephoros Phokas to commander of the Byzantine field army (Domestic of the Schools) in the East. He gives him order to prepare a campaign against the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. Constantine makes treaties with neighbouring rulers, to seek military aid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October / November – Battle of Raban: The Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat the Hamdanid forces in northern Syria. Emir Sayf al-Dawla is forced to retreat – many of his court companions and ghilman fall in pursuit, while over 1,700 of his Turk cavalry are captured and paraded in the streets of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 959, "year_label": "959 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (\"born in the purple\") dies at Constantinople after a 46-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son Romanos II as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512808#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "959", "revid": 1341512808, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Chandax: A Byzantine fleet with an expeditionary force (comprising about 50,000 men) under Nikephoros Phokas lands on Crete. Nikephoros defeats the Muslim resistance and begins a siege at the capital of Chandax. He decides to blockade the city for the winter, while his engineers begin to construct siege engines. Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb sends for aid by the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto I receives news that John XII has betrayed him and entered into intrigues with Berengar II, but also with the Byzantine Empire. The letters are intercepted by Pandulf I (Ironhead), Lombard prince of Benevento.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Europe", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Emperor Romanos II dies at age 39, probably of poison administered by his wife, Empress Theophano. He is succeeded by his infant son Basil II. Theophano becomes regent and de facto ruler, naming her other son Constantine VIII (only 3 years old) as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 964, "year_label": "964 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24–25 – Siege of Rometta: Nikephoros II sends an expedition to Sicily. The Byzantine army (40,000 men) is sent to break the Muslim siege at Rometta, and to regain Sicily for the Byzantine Empire. For two days a battle takes place in the area between the beach and the besieged citadel of Rometta. The Saracens (under Al-Hasan ibn Ammar) manage to defeat the Byzantine relief force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353633013#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "964", "revid": 1353633013, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II conquers the fortress cities of Tarsus and Mopsuestia. The Muslim residents abandon the defense and flee into Syria. Nikephoros completes the conquest of Cilicia; Muslim raids into Anatolia (modern Turkey) permanently cease. Byzantine troops under General Niketas Chalkoutzes occupy Cyprus, liberating the Greek population from Muslim domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hungarians invade the Bulgarian Empire and force Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarians, to conclude a peace treaty with them. He lets them cross to attack the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Europe", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 - Arab–Byzantine wars: A prisoner exchange occurs at the border between the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Aleppo at Samosata, headed by Emperor Nikephoros II and Sayf al-Dawla, the Emir of Aleppo. The Emirate receives 3,000 captured prisoners from the region of Cilicia, after its conquest by the Byzantine Emperor, as well as the poet Abu Firas al-Hamdani, who has previously been held prisoner by the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Otto I dispatches an imperial delegation (led by a Venetian named Domenico) to Constantinople with assurances of his friendship and a request for Princess Theophano (a daughter of the late Emperor Romanos II) for his 12-year-old son Otto II. As dowry Otto demands the Byzantine holdings in southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Europe", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Otto I goes on a tour of the Lombard duchies of southern Italy. In Capua he grants Pandulf I (Ironhead) the vacant Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino and charges him with prosecuting the war against the Byzantine Empire. In Benevento, Otto receives the homage of Pandulf's brother and co-ruler Landulf III. In Salerno he receives also the support of Gisulf I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Europe", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Romanos III Argyros, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1034)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Births", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Deaths", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor John I delegates the war in the Balkans to his brother-in-law, the Domestic of the Schools Bardas Skleros, and to the eunuch general Peter Phokas, who begin to gather a Byzantine army in Thrace. At the news of this, a powerful Kievan expeditionary force (30,000 men), along with many Bulgarians and a Pecheneg contingent, is sent south over the Balkan Mountains. After sacking the Bulgarian stronghold of Philippolis (modern-day Plovdiv), they bypass the heavily defended city of Adrianople, and turn towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "John I returns in triumph to Constantinople. He brings along Boris II, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury. Boris is given the Byzantine 'court title' of magistros as compensation. The Bulgarian lands in Thrace and Lower Moesia become part of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Otto II (the Red), joint-ruler and son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu (niece or granddaughter of John I). She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome. Creating an alliance between the Ottonian Dynasty and the Byzantine Empire (called the Tzimiscian Peace).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Europe", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Byzantine army, led by General Melias (Domestic of the Schools in the East), continues the operations in Upper Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 975, "year_label": "975 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor John I raids Mesopotamia and invades Syria, using the Byzantine base at Antioch to press southwards to Tripoli. He conquers the cities of Baalbek, Damascus, Sidon, Tiberias and Caesarea, but fails to take Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513424#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "975", "revid": 1341513424, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Emperor John I Tzimiskes dies at Constantinople, after returning from a second campaign against the Abbasids in Syria. He is buried in the Church of Christ Chalkites, and succeeded by his 18-year-old nephew Basil II, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. The administration remains in the hands of Basil Lekapenos (an illegitimate son of the late Emperor Romanos I).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 977, "year_label": "977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – 'Adud al-Dawla, ruler (shah) of the Buyid Dynasty, drives the Hamdanids out of Mosul and tries to unify the country. Abu Taghlib is forced to flee to the Byzantine city of Antzitene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908323#Arabian_Empire", "title": "977", "revid": 1341908323, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pankaleia: Rebel forces under General Bardas Skleros are defeated by the Byzantine army loyal to Emperor Basil II, commanded by General Bardas Phokas (the Younger), near Pankaleia (modern-day Hisarköy). Phokas regroups his forces and continues his march to the East, drawing Skleros away from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Second Battle of Pankaleia: An Ibero-Byzantine expeditionary force, under General Bardas Phokas (the Younger), inflicts a crushing defeat on the rebels of General Bardas Skleros, at Sarvenis (modern Turkey). Skleros manages to escape, and finds shelter with his Muslim allies. The rebellion is subdued without difficulty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theodora, Empress of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1056)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Births", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 982, "year_label": "982 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "'Adud al-Dawla, emir (king of kings) of the Buyid Dynasty, concludes a 10-year peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. He establishes what will soon become the most important hospital of Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468335#Asia", "title": "982", "revid": 1364468335, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Diet of Verona: Emperor Otto II (the Red) declares war against the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Sicily. He assembles a large expeditionary force for a renewal of an invasion in Calabria (Southern Italy). Otto gifts the Rheingau (\"Rhine District\") to the Archbishopric of Mainz during the 'Veronese donation'. Otto III is elected king of Germany and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – Battle of the Gates of Trajan: Emperor Basil II leads a Byzantine expeditionary force (30,000 men) against the Bulgarians to capture the fortress city of Sredets. After a siege of 20 days, Basil is forced to retreat from the Sofia Valley towards the town of Ihtiman (through a passage known as the Gate of Trajan). The Bulgarians under Tsar Samuel ambush and defeat the Byzantine forces. Only the elite Varangian Guard escapes with heavy casualties and leads Basil to safety through secondary routes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 987, "year_label": "987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The population of Bari revolts against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468366#Europe", "title": "987", "revid": 1364468366, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 992, "year_label": "992 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice, concludes a treaty with Emperor Basil II to transport Byzantine troops, in exchange for commercial privileges in Constantinople. Venetian ships are exempted from customs duties at Abydos (mostly foreign goods are carried on Venetian ships). Venetian merchants in Constantinople are placed directly under the Grand Logothetes (Minister of Finance).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919750#Europe", "title": "992", "revid": 1364919750, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish general Manjutakin (also the governor of Damascus), besiege Apamea (modern Syria). Emperor Basil II sends a Byzantine expeditionary army, led by Dux Michael Bourtzes, to relieve the city in alliance with the Hamdanid Dynasty. Manjutakin defeats the Hamdanids with his forces and attacks the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panics and flees, losing some 5,000 men in the process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Asia › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Croatian–Bulgarian War: Emperor Samuel launches a military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia to prevent an alliance between the Serbian principality and the Byzantines. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day Durrës in Albania) and advances along the Dalmatian coast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina), after the Siege of Zadar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Europe", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Tao/Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines, as the Theme of Iberia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Asia", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts to reconquer Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Europe", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Venetian-Byzantine forces defeat the Saracens at Bari. The citadel is on the brink of capitulation after a 3 day siege. Giovanni, a son of Doge Pietro Orseolo II, is married to the Byzantine princess Maria Argyra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1009, "year_label": "1009 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus, an Italian nobleman, revolt in Bari against the Catepanate of Italy (a province of the Byzantine Empire). He and his brother-in-law Dattus (or Datto) mobilise a large army and invade southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910037#Europe", "title": "1009", "revid": 1341910037, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1016, "year_label": "1016 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Georgius Tzul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine Empire–Kievan Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261531#Europe", "title": "1016", "revid": 1365261531, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1017, "year_label": "1017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman, revolts and is supported by Norman mercenaries at Capua. He marches into Apulia to catch the Byzantine army off-guard. Melus defeats the Byzantines on the banks of the Fortore River and ravages the territory in Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212758#Europe", "title": "1017", "revid": 1342212758, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1020, "year_label": "1020 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Byzantine troops under Catepan Basil Boioannes (supported by his ally Prince Pandulf IV) capture the fortress of Troia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212963#Events", "title": "1020", "revid": 1342212963, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Shirimni, the Byzantine Empire under Basil II defeats the Kingdom of Georgia under Giorgi I at Shirimni, at the Lake Palakazio, modern Lake Çıldır, Turkey", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Asia", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, Armenian king of Vaspurakan, surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire. In return, he receives Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Asia", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of Svindax: The Byzantine army under Emperor Basil II defeats the Georgians at Svindax (modern Turkey). King George I is forced to negotiate a peace treaty, ending the Byzantine–Georgian wars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine expedition to invade Sicily: Governor Ahmed al-Akhal appeals to the Zirids of Ifriqiya for help. They dispatch a fleet, but these are caught up in a storm and destroyed near Pantelleria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Europe", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1025, "year_label": "1025 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Byzantine Emperor Basil II (\"Bulgar Slayer\") dies in Constantinople after a 50-year reign. Never married, he is succeeded by his brother and co-emperor Constantine VIII, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Constantine calls the Sicilian invasion off. Catapan Basil Boioannes diverts the Byzantine expeditionary force already assembled on Calabria, to join the siege of Capua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367042525#Events", "title": "1025", "revid": 1367042525, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1028, "year_label": "1028 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Zoë Porphyrogenita takes the throne as empress consort. Her husband, Romanos III (age 60) becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299472#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1028", "revid": 1363299472, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Romanos IV, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1072)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Births", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) is drowned in his bath, at the urging of his wife Zoë, who marries her chamberlain, and elevates him to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, as Michael IV. Romanos is buried in the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1040, "year_label": "1040 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peter Delyan leads a rebellion against the Byzantine Empire and is proclaimed by the Bulgarian nobles as emperor (tsar) Peter II in Belgrade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593173#Europe", "title": "1040", "revid": 1365593173, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1041, "year_label": "1041 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian dies after a 6-year reign. His wife, Empress Zoë, elevates (on the advice of her lover John the Orphanotrophos) her adoptive son to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, as Michael V Kalaphates. Shortly after, Michael comes into conflict with his uncle John, and banishes him to a monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267586#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1041", "revid": 1365267586, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1042, "year_label": "1042 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Harald Hardrada, leader of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire, returns to Norway, possibly because of his involvement in Maniakes' revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130047#Europe", "title": "1042", "revid": 1350130047, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1045, "year_label": "1045 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia is surrendered to the Byzantine Empire, ending the Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368801306#Events", "title": "1045", "revid": 1368801306, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1045, "year_label": "1045 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Harald Hardrada returns to Scandinavia through Sigtuna in Sweden, after escaping from the Byzantine Empire with a fortune.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368801306#Events", "title": "1045", "revid": 1368801306, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Pecheneg Revolt: Emperor Constantine IX decides to transfer 15,000 Pecheneg warriors from their positions in the Balkans to the eastern front. Upon approaching the Bosporus, the Pechenegs decide to turn back, and march through Bulgaria, until they reach the Byzantine city of Serdia. Later, joined by followers, the Pecheneg tribes raise the banner of revolt in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos dies after a 12½-year reign at Constantinople. He is succeeded by Theodora (a sister of the former Empress Zoë), who is proclaimed by the imperial guard (with strong opposition from the council) as empress of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – Theodora, empress regnant of the Byzantine Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Deaths", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1057, "year_label": "1057 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – A riot in favor of Isaac Komnenos breaks out in Constantinople. Patriarch Michael I convinces Michael VI to abdicate the throne, and Isaac is crowned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335991921#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1057", "revid": 1335991921, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1059, "year_label": "1059 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Peter Krešimir IV is crowned king of Croatia and Dalmatia. His coronation is recognised by the Byzantine Empire who confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities, i.e. over the Theme of Dalmatia – excluding the theme of Ragusa and the Duchy of Durazzo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271111243#Europe", "title": "1059", "revid": 1271111243, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Europe", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Emperor Constantine X dies after a 7-year reign at Constantinople. His wife, Empress Eudocia Macrembolitissa, is crowned Augusta and becomes co-regent for her two sons (Michael VII and Konstantios) along with Constantine's brother John Doukas, who rules as Caesar of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1068, "year_label": "1068 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, wife of the late Emperor Constantine X, marries General Romanos Diogenes (a member of a prominent Cappadocian family) – who is proclaimed co-emperor as Romanos IV of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372127712#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1068", "revid": 1372127712, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Romanos IV Diogenes, deposed ruler of the Byzantine Empire, is blinded and sent into exile to the island of Proti (in the Sea of Marmara) at the Monastery of Transfiguration. A few days before his death, he receives a letter from Michael Psellos (his political advisor), congratulating him on the loss of his eyes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1074, "year_label": "1074 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Norman mercenaries, led by Roussel de Bailleul, proclaim John Doukas emperor of the Byzantine Empire. His nephew, Emperor Michael VII Doukas, forms an alliance with Seljuk chieftain Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, who is raiding in the eastern regions of Anatolia. The Seljuk Turks ambush the Norman forces; Roussel and John are defeated and captured; but a ransom, raised by Roussel's wife, allows him to return to Amaseia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339713038#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1074", "revid": 1339713038, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Nikephoros Botaneiates enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned by Patriarch Cosmas I as emperor Nikephoros III of the Byzantine Empire. Michael VII resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into the Monastery of Stoudios.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1081, "year_label": "1081 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Emperor Nikephoros III is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to the Peribleptos monastery. He is succeeded by Alexios I Komnenos, who is crowned on April 5, as ruler of the Byzantine Empire. His brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos supports Alexios as new emperor, in exchange for the title of Caesar (co-emperor), and is appointed as commander of the Byzantine armies in the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312347020#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1081", "revid": 1312347020, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Venetian treaty: Alexios I signs a trade and defence pact with Venice, in the form of an imperial Golden Bull. He grants the Venetians a commercial colony in Constantinople, as well as free trading and exemption from taxes, throughout the Byzantine Empire in return for their defense of the Adriatic Sea against the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon attack the Byzantine imperial palace at Blachernae. Norman forces led by Bohemond I join the Crusaders – he is not welcome in Constantinople because his father, Robert Guiscard, has invaded Illyria (territory belonging to the Byzantine Empire), and captured the cities of Dyrrhachium and Corfu (see 1084).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#First_Crusade", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Byzantines re-occupy the Cilician cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra. A naval squadron, under Admiral Cantacuzenus, pursues in Cypriot waters a Genoese raiding fleet, and sails on to Latakia, where they capture the harbour and the lower city. Bohemond I reinforces the garrison in the citadel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1106, "year_label": "1106 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bohemond I returns to Apulia (Southern Italy) with an expeditionary force to prepare an offensive against the Byzantines. He is accompanied by his newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266175#Europe", "title": "1106", "revid": 1365266175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1108, "year_label": "1108 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Italo-Norman forces under Bohemond I lift the siege due to illness and lack of supplies. Bohemond becomes a vassal of the Byzantine Empire by signing the Treaty of Devol.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362166699#Europe", "title": "1108", "revid": 1362166699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis, from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Western_Asia", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › Western Asia"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos dies after a 37-year reign, in which he has regained control over western Anatolia (modern Turkey). He stabilizes his frontiers against the wars with the Normans in the western Balkans, and the Seljuk Turks in the East. Alexios is succeeded by his 30-year-old son, John II Komnenos (the Good), as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Sozopolis: Byzantine forces under Emperor John II Komnenos conquer Sozopolis in Pisidia, from the Sultanate of Rum. The Seljuk garrison is defeated while they are trapped between the Byzantine cavalry and the army (which is besieging the fortress).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1122, "year_label": "1122 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373038979#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1122", "revid": 1373038979, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Venice pillages the islands of Rhodes, ravages Samos and Lesbos, and occupies Chios (controlled by the Byzantine Empire). The Republic of Florence sacks and conquers the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Europe", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Robert of Ketton and Herman of Carinthia travel throughout France, the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusader States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Culture", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By topic › Culture"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Lothair III receives a Byzantine embassy at his court, on behalf of Emperor John II Komnenos. It offers large financial subsidies for Lothair to start a campaign against Roger II. The negotiations will last for some months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – John II appears before the walls of Antioch, and encamps with the Byzantine army on the north bank of the Orontes River. For several days he besieges the city, Raymond of Poitiers (prince of Antioch) is forced to surrender. He recognizes John as his suzerain and becomes with Joscelin II (count of Edessa) a vassal of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Siege of Shaizar begins. The Byzantines under John II besiege the capital of the Munqidhite Emirate. They capture the lower city on May 20, but fail to take the citadel. John negotiates with Emir Abu'l Asakir Sultan who sends him an offer to pay a large indemnity and become a vassal of the Byzantine Empire. John, disgusted by his Crusader allies, accepts the terms and raises the siege on May 21.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Middle_East", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1144, "year_label": "1144 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Siege of Edessa: Seljuk forces led by Imad al-Din Zengi conquer the fortress city of Edessa after a four-week siege. Thousands of inhabitants are massacred – only the Muslims are spared. The women and children are sold into slavery. This eliminates the Crusader principality of Outremer. Lacking the forces to take on Zengi, Joscelin II retires to his fortress at Turbessel. There, he requests reinforcements from the Byzantines and Queen-Regent Melisende of Jerusalem. This will lead to the Pope preaching a Second Crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160711#Levant", "title": "1144", "revid": 1362160711, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch, travels to Constantinople to ask Emperor Manuel I Komnenos for help to support his campaign against the Seljuks. When he arrives, Raymond is forced to accept the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. Manuel treats him graciously, gives him gifts and promises him a money subsidy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Levant", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May", "text": "May – July – A German expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) under King Conrad III leaves Regensburg and passes into Hungary. The German nobility is headed by Conrad's nephew and heir, Frederick I, duke of Swabia. On July 20, Conrad crosses into the Byzantine Empire, and reaches Sofia – where Michael Palaiologos (a nephew of Emperor Manuel I) gives Conrad an official welcome and provides the Crusaders with food.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Merv in the Seljuk Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Demography", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By topic › Demography"}}, {"year": 1170, "year_label": "1170 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fes in the Almohad Caliphate (modern Morocco) becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488642#Africa", "title": "1170", "revid": 1367488642, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos dies in Constantinople after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son, Alexios II Komnenos, who will reign briefly as emperor of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of his mother, Maria of Antioch. Maria assumes power as regent (until 1183) and takes as her advisor and lover, Alexios Komnenos (protosebastos), a nephew of Manuel I, which causes scandal and unrest among the Byzantine populace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Battle of Demetritzes: A reinforced Byzantine army under Alexios Branas decisively defeats William II, ending his invasion of the Byzantine Empire. Thessaloniki is recaptured, and the Normans are pushed back to Italy. Many Norman ships are lost to storms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1186, "year_label": "1186 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine Empire recognizes the independence of Bulgaria and Serbia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344182420#Events", "title": "1186", "revid": 1344182420, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1204, "year_label": "1204 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Theodore I Laskaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361051821#Events", "title": "1204", "revid": 1361051821, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Theodore I Laskaris is proclaimed Byzantine emperor (or basileus), formally founding the Empire of Nicaea, after repelling the invasions of rivals David Komnenos and Manuel Maurozomes into his domains. His appointment is an open challenge to the legitimacy of the Latin emperor Baldwin I, who rules over large parts of the former Byzantine Empire and regards Theodore as a usurper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mongols under Batu Khan, eldest of Jochi, sweep across Central Asia. They settle in the Russian steppe, curtailing the power of the Kievan Rus', extracting tribute from their neighbors, and disrupting their relationship with the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Michael enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the Hagia Sophia. To solidify his claim, the legitimate ruler, John IV Laskaris, is blinded on Michael's orders on December 25, his 11th birthday. Michael banishes him to a monastery and marries his two sisters to lesser Latin and Bulgarian nobles in an attempt to wipe out the Laskarid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Charles signs a treaty and is proclaimed King of Albania. He promises to protect the nobles and to honor the privileges they have from the Byzantine Empire. The treaty declares the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: Regnum Albanie) and the Kingdom of Sicily, under Charles' rule. He appoints Gazo Chinard as his vicar-general, and sends his Sicilian fleet to Achaea, to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Byzantine–Venetian Treaty: Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos concludes an agreement with the Republic of Venice. Stipulating a two-year truce, and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. Michael keeps the Venetians and their fleet from participating in the attempts of Charles I, king of Sicily, to organize an anti-Byzantine crusade, while the Venetians can retain their access to the Byzantine market.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Europe", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1296, "year_label": "1296 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Boniface of Verona expels the Byzantines from their last remaining strongholds on Euboea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368372269#Date_unknown", "title": "1296", "revid": 1368372269, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Ottoman-Turkish forces led by Sultan Osman I conquer the ancient city of Ephesus from the Byzantine Empire, massacring and deporting its native population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#October_–_December", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – At Easter, the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 breaks out in the Byzantine Empire as Co-Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos flees Constantinople to Adrianople, where he sets up his court and initiates an uprising against his grandfather, the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. The 24-year-old Andronikos is joined by Theodore Synadenos and John Kantakouzenos in the rebellion. Syrgiannes Palaiologos leads an expeditionary army towards the capital, forcing the emperor to negotiate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#April_–_June", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Andronikos II Palaiologos concludes a peace agreement and divides the Byzantine Empire in two. Andronikos III is recognized as co-emperor and receives Thrace and Macedonia. He rewards his followers and gives them towns and regions to administer. Adrianople becomes the new capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#April_–_June", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1329, "year_label": "1329 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Battle of Maltepe (Pelekanon): Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344101347#January–December", "title": "1329", "revid": 1344101347, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Theodore Metochites, Byzantine Empire statesman, author, man of learning, and patron of the arts (b. 1270)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Deaths", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Despotate of Epirus is conquered by the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#Date_unknown", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Nicomedia: After its foundation by Osman I in about 1299, the Ottoman Empire expanded across Bithynia in north-west Anatolia by capturing territory from the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#Date_unknown", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans capture Philippopolis (or in 1364, 1371) and Adrianopole (the modern-day city of Edirne, or in 1369) from the Byzantine Empire, reducing its territory to the city of Constantinople, part of the Peloponessus, and some islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#Date_unknown", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople, in the Byzantine Empire. In the same year, they begin building the Anadoluhisarı fortress to defend themselves during the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Andronikos V Palaiologos, Byzantine ruler of Thessalonica and surrounding territories alongside his father John VII Palaiologos (d. 1407)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Births", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – Signing of the Treaty of Gallipoli is completed as Süleyman Çelebi makes wide-ranging concessions to the Byzantine Empire and other Christian powers, in the southern Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#January–March", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice sign a treaty of commerce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#October–December", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine Empire is renewed for five years in a signing at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#October–December", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1444, "year_label": "1444 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine XI Palaiologos, as ruler of the Despotate of the Morea, invades the Duchy of Athens (at this time under Florentine control), and forces it to pay tribute and return Thebes to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359067554#Date_unknown", "title": "1444", "revid": 1359067554, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Constantine XI Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra; he will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#January–March", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The last remnant of the Byzantine Empire is lost to the Ottomans as General Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces after a year-long siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#July–September", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Charles VIII of France purchases the right to the Byzantine Empire from exiled pretender, Andreas Palaiologos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#Date_unknown", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}