{"slug": "byzantine-greeks", "label": "Byzantine Greeks", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 20, "years": 20, "span": [542, 1400], "span_label": ["542 CE", "1400 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "moesia", "label": "Moesia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pannonian-avars", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "belgrade", "label": "Belgrade", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lazic War – Justinian I sends a Byzantine army (30,000 men) to Armenia. The Persians, severely outnumbered, are forced to retreat, but at Dvin the Byzantines are defeated by a force of 4,000 men in an ambush, and are completely routed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Audoin leads the Lombards across the Danube into Pannonia, and becomes an ally of the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Europe", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Ostrogothic Kingdom ends after 60 years of rule in Italy. The Goths are allowed to return to their homes in peace and (re)settle in modern-day Austria. Some 7,000 people retreat to Campsas (Southern Gaul), and resist with minimal help from the Franks against the Byzantines until 554.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 556, "year_label": "556 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Phasis: The Persians are defeated at the besieged town of Phasis in Lazica, held by the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739824#Persia", "title": "556", "revid": 1364739824, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine army, under command of Baduarius, assists the Gepids in their war against the Lombards. The Byzantines win the first battle in the lower Danube (Moesia), but Gepid King Cunimund refuses to hand back the fortress city of Sirmium (modern Serbia), as he had promised.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantines abandon present-day Lombardy and Tuscany, to establish a frontier march in the hills south of Ravenna (still known as Le Marche). Bavarians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Taifali, join the invasion en route. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on the Balkan Peninsula is filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Pavia (569–572): King Alboin captures Ticinum (Pavia); after a siege the Byzantine garrison surrenders to the Lombards. The city is of strategic importance, lying at the rivers Po and Ticino, and becomes the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Europe", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 576, "year_label": "576 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Persian army under King Khosrau I breaks through the Caucasus into Anatolia (modern Turkey). They attack the cities of Theodosiopolis and Caesarea, but are thwarted. Khosrau is forced to retreat and sacks Sebasteia. On the way home, he is intercepted by a Byzantine force under Justinian (magister militum of the East), and severely defeated near Melitene. The royal baggage is captured, and many Persians drown, while escaping across the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801569#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "576", "revid": 1340801569, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Persian army under Tamkhosrau crosses the Euphrates River and attacks the city of Constantina (modern Turkey), but he is defeated by the Byzantines and killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Persia", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 583, "year_label": "583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liuvigild lays siege to Seville (Southern Spain), and forms an alliance with the Byzantines. He summons his rebellious son Hermenegild back to Toledo, and forces him to abandon the Chalcedonian Faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372793107#Europe", "title": "583", "revid": 1372793107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Blarathon: A Persian army of about 40,000 men under King Bahrām VI is defeated, in the lowlands near Ganzak (northwestern Iran), by the Byzantines. Bahrām flees to seek refuge with the Turks in Central Asia, and settles in Fergana. However, after some time, he is murdered by a hired assassin of Khosrau II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Balkan Campaign: A Byzantine relief force under Priscus marches up the Danube River along the southern bank to Novae (modern Bulgaria). The fortress city of Singidunum (Belgrade) is plundered by the Avars, and abandoned after the approach of the Byzantines. The Avars retreat and launch a raid against Dalmatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Balkan Campaign: The Byzantine generals Priscus and Comentiolus join their forces at Singidunum (modern Belgrade), and move downstream to the fortress city of Viminacium (Serbia). The Byzantines cross the Danube River and invade Upper Moesia, where they defeat the Avars in open battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Witteric is appointed commander-in-chief of the Visigoth army, and receives orders from King Liuva II to expel the Byzantines from Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Europe", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan destroys the city of Sardis, including its synagogue. Its importance is due to a highway, leading from the interior to the Aegean coast. Shahin marches through Anatolia, defeating the Byzantines numerous times.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – In the waters of the Golden Horn, the Persian fleet is destroyed while ferrying reinforcements. The Avars, having suffered terrible losses, running short of food and supplies, burn their siege engines. They abandon the siege and retreat to the Balkan Peninsula. The Byzantines achieve a decisive victory at Blachernae, under the protection of the Church of the Virgin Mary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantines (after 15 years of occupation), from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 640, "year_label": "640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Siege of Babylon Fortress: The Rashidun army lays siege to Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta (near Cairo). The next two months' fighting remain inconclusive, the Byzantines having the upper hand by repulsing every Muslim assault.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364750340#Africa", "title": "640", "revid": 1364750340, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gennadius Scholarius, Byzantine Greek philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1473)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Births", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Births"}}]}