{"slug": "caesar-title", "label": "Caesar (title)", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_%28title%29", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188751", "qid": "Q188751", "description": "imperial title of the Roman Empire", "entries": 45, "years": 45, "span": [69, 1081], "span_label": ["69 CE", "1081 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constantius-ii", "label": "Constantius II", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "galerius", "label": "Galerius", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "licinius", "label": "Licinius", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pannonia", "label": "Pannonia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "maximian", "label": "Maximian", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "augustus-title", "label": "Augustus (title)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sirmium", "label": "Sirmium", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantius-i", "label": "Constantius I", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "croatia", "label": "Croatia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 69, "year_label": "69 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is adopted by Galba and appointed to deputy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882081#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 69", "revid": 1367882081, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 139, "year_label": "139 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar. He marries the 9-year-old Faustina the Younger, daughter of Antoninus Pius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325704547#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 139", "revid": 1325704547, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons Commodus and Marcus Annius Verus as co-rulers (Caesar), while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 175, "year_label": "175 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius and his wife Faustina, is named Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304741#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 175", "revid": 1371304741, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 193, "year_label": "193 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Britain, Clodius Albinus allies with Septimius Severus, and accepts the title of Caesar. British tribes take advantage of the disorder in the Empire, and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310592#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 193", "revid": 1371310592, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 195, "year_label": "195 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Septimius Bassianus (or Caracalla), age 7, changes his name to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius, and is given the title Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314035#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 195", "revid": 1371314035, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 198, "year_label": "198 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314592#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 198", "revid": 1371314592, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 221, "year_label": "221 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir, and receives the title of Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188819#Roman_Empire", "title": "221", "revid": 1371188819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 225, "year_label": "225 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus marries Sallustia Orbiana, and possibly raises her father Seius Sallustius to the rank of Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188693#Roman_Empire", "title": "225", "revid": 1371188693, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 227, "year_label": "227 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Seius Sallustius, Roman usurper (Caesar)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189138#Deaths", "title": "227", "revid": 1371189138, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 238, "year_label": "238 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II Parthica kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227244#Roman_Empire", "title": "238", "revid": 1371227244, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 244, "year_label": "244 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Philip the Arab is recognized by the Roman Senate as the new Roman Emperor with the honorific Augustus. He nominates his son Philippus, age 6, with the title of Caesar and makes him heir to the throne; gives his brother Priscus supreme power (rector Orientis) in the Eastern provinces; and begins construction of the city of Shahba (Syria) in the province of his birth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227716#Roman_Empire", "title": "244", "revid": 1371227716, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 258, "year_label": "258 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Valerian II, eldest son of Gallienus, dies, possibly murdered by Pannonia's governor Ingenuus; Emperor Valerian bestows on another one of Gallienus's sons, Saloninus, the title of Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368343947#Roman_Empire", "title": "258", "revid": 1368343947, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 285, "year_label": "285 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 or July 25 – Diocletian appoints his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of caesar, or junior co-emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367051271#Roman_Empire", "title": "285", "revid": 1367051271, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 293, "year_label": "293 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius I and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi (\"Four Rulers of the World\"). (Some sources and scholars date Galerius' elevation to May 21.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495846#Roman_Empire", "title": "293", "revid": 1367495846, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Constantius I and Galerius are declared Augusti; Flavius Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daza are appointed Caesars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Roman_Empire", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Constantius I dies outside Eboracum (modern-day York). Constantine, aged 23 or 24, is declared emperor by his troops. Emperor Galerius grants Constantine the title of Caesar, and elevates Flavius Valerius Severus to emperor in the Western part of the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 308, "year_label": "308 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – The Conference of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, Galerius recalls Diocletian briefly from retirement, and they convene with Maximian. Diocletian persuades Maximian to return to retirement, and he and Galerius declare Maxentius a public enemy. Licinius is proclaimed Augustus of the west, while rival contender Constantine I is again declared Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171358#Roman_Empire", "title": "308", "revid": 1330171358, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 310, "year_label": "310 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maximinus Daza, caesar under Emperor Galerius, is acclaimed augustus by his troops. Galerius is forced to recognize him as co-ruler of the East. The Roman Empire is thus divided between seven simultaneous emperors: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349300512#Roman_Empire", "title": "310", "revid": 1349300512, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 316, "year_label": "316 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine I sends his half-brother Julius Constantius to Licinius at Sirmium (Pannonia), with the proposal to accept Bassianus as Caesar and give him power over Italy. Licinius refuses, and forces a conspiracy against Constantine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758307#Roman_Empire", "title": "316", "revid": 1364758307, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 317, "year_label": "317 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Emperor Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius elevate their sons Crispus, Constantine II and Licinius II to Caesars. After this arrangement Constantine rules the dioceses Pannonia and Macedonia, and establishes his residence at Sirmium, from where he prepares a campaign against the Goths and Sarmatians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330159511#Roman_Empire", "title": "317", "revid": 1330159511, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Emperor Constantine declares his son, Flavius Julius Constantius, to the rank of caesar, designating Flavius as his successor. Flavius will ascend the throne as Constantine the Second in 337 AD.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 326, "year_label": "326 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Licinius II, Roman consul and caesar (b. 315)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366011464#Deaths", "title": "326", "revid": 1366011464, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 333, "year_label": "333 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Constantine I elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372731369#Roman_Empire", "title": "333", "revid": 1372731369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 335, "year_label": "335 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Flavius Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar, with control of Thracia, Achaia, and Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653069#Roman_Empire", "title": "335", "revid": 1351653069, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 337, "year_label": "337 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dalmatius, Caesar and nephew of Constantine I (executed)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342549552#Deaths", "title": "337", "revid": 1342549552, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 350, "year_label": "350 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Vetranio is asked by Constantina, sister of Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar. Constantius accepts the new emperor and sends him funds to raise an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501252#Roman_Empire", "title": "350", "revid": 1367501252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 351, "year_label": "351 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Emperor Constantius II elevates his 25-year-old cousin Constantius Gallus to Caesar at Sirmium (Pannonia). He arranges a marriage with his sister Constantina, and puts him in charge of the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314902602#Roman_Empire", "title": "351", "revid": 1314902602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 353, "year_label": "353 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Magnus Decentius, brother and Caesar of Magnentius", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1283412514#Deaths", "title": "353", "revid": 1283412514, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 354, "year_label": "354 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantius II recalls his Caesar (and cousin) Constantius Gallus to Constantinople after hearing unfavorable reports about him. Gallus, Caesar of the East, has suppressed revolts in Syria Palaestina and central Anatolia. Constantius strips him of his powers and later has him executed in Pola (Croatia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267529595#Roman_Empire", "title": "354", "revid": 1267529595, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 355, "year_label": "355 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – In Mediolanum (Italy), Emperor Constantius II raises his cousin Julian the Apostate to the rank of Caesar. He takes command of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister, Helena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331300399#Roman_Empire", "title": "355", "revid": 1331300399, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 357, "year_label": "357 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331328193#Roman_Empire", "title": "357", "revid": 1331328193, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February", "text": "February – Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor in Lutetia (modern Paris).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman usurper Constantine III establishes his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of Caesar. He sends him with an expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the Theodosian dynasty, who are loyal to Honorius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Maximus appoints Avitus, most trusted general, to the rank of magister militum and sends him on an embassy to Toulouse, to gain the support of the Visigoths. He elevates his son Palladius to Caesar and has him marry Eudocia, eldest daughter of Valentinian III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 473, "year_label": "473 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Leo I grants his grandson Leo II, age 6, the title of Caesar (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747615#Roman_Empire", "title": "473", "revid": 1364747615, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Emperor Justin II retires due to recurring seizures of insanity; he abdicates the throne in favour of his general Tiberius. Justin proclaims him Caesar and adopts him as his own son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Tiberius, Byzantine co-ruler (Caesar), establishes a naval base at Derbent on the Caspian Sea to construct a Byzantine fleet (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 578, "year_label": "578 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Emperor Justin II dies after several periods of insanity. On the advice of his wife Sophia, he has raised his general Tiberius to the rank of co-emperor (Caesar). From December 574 he has ruled jointly with Sophia, and now succeeds them as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801573#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "578", "revid": 1340801573, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Constantine is crowned co-emperor (Caesar) by his father Heraclius and shortly after betrothed to his cousin, Gregoria, daughter of Nicetas. Only 8 months old, Constantine has no real power and his dynastic title is purely ceremonial.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Justinian II ascends to the throne again and rewards his ally Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, for his assistance with the title of kaisar (Caesar), which makes him second only to Justinian and the first foreign ruler in Byzantine history to receive such a title, and a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagora in modern-day Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Emperor Leo IV (\"the Khazar\") appoints his 5-year-old son Constantine VI co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire. This leads to an uprising, led by one of Leo's half-brothers, Caesar Nikephoros, the second son of former emperor Constantine V. The revolt is quickly suppressed. Fortunately for Nikephoros, his only punishment is to be stripped of his titles, while the rest of the conspirators are blinded, tonsured, and exiled to Cherson (southern Crimea) under guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Emperor Constantine X dies after a 7-year reign at Constantinople. His wife, Empress Eudocia Macrembolitissa, is crowned Augusta and becomes co-regent for her two sons (Michael VII and Konstantios) along with Constantine's brother John Doukas, who rules as Caesar of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1077, "year_label": "1077 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium in the western Balkans, and Nikephoros Botaneiates, a general (strategos) of the Theme of Anatolics (modern Turkey), are proclaimed emperors by their troops. Emperor Michael VII Doukas offers Bryennios the title of caesar (co-emperor) if he submits to his rule, but Bryennios refuses. He sets out from Dyrrhachium, and marches towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303472978#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1077", "revid": 1303472978, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1081, "year_label": "1081 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Emperor Nikephoros III is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to the Peribleptos monastery. He is succeeded by Alexios I Komnenos, who is crowned on April 5, as ruler of the Byzantine Empire. His brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos supports Alexios as new emperor, in exchange for the title of Caesar (co-emperor), and is appointed as commander of the Byzantine armies in the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312347020#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1081", "revid": 1312347020, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}