{"slug": "calabria", "label": "Calabria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458", "qid": "Q1458", "description": "region of Italy", "entries": 25, "years": 25, "span": [-337, 1971], "span_label": ["338 BCE", "1971 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "emirate-of-sicily", "label": "Emirate of Sicily", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "apulia", "label": "Apulia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "taranto", "label": "Taranto", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "southern-italy", "label": "Southern Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "otto-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "robert-guiscard", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roger-i-of-sicily", "label": "Roger I of Sicily", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Archidamus III of Sparta, after five years of campaigning in southern Italy, fails to achieve any decisive results and while leading a mercenary army to help Tarentum against the Lucanians, is killed with most of his troops at Manduria in Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome's subjugation of Italy is completed by the recapture of Rhegium (southern Italy) from the Mamertines and the defeat of the Brutians, the Lucanians, the Calabrians and the Samnites. The town of Rhegium is then restored by the Romans to its Greek inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Roman_Republic", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -265, "year_label": "266 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Calabria and Messapia are annexed by the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532834#Roman_Republic", "title": "266 BC", "revid": 1373532834, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 410, "year_label": "410 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroys his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drown. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who becomes king of the Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642022#Roman_Empire", "title": "410", "revid": 1367642022, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Roman_Empire", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March", "text": "March – Totila bypasses Rome and begins his expedition in Southern Italy. He captures Beneventum and receives the submission of the provinces of Apulia, Lucania and Bruttium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III confiscates the papal territories in Sicily and Calabria (Southern Italy), from which Pope Gregory III derives most of his income tax. He transfers ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum to Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory begins his support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. By now the break between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire is almost complete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 747, "year_label": "747 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Bubonic plague breaks out in Sicily, Calabria (Southern Italy), and Monemvasia (modern Greece).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468436#Europe", "title": "AD 747", "revid": 1364468436, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Ibrahim II crosses the Strait of Messina into Calabria. He begins his march to conquer the rest of Italy, and lays siege at Cosenza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid Caliphate replaces the unpopular governor Ibn Abi Khinzir with Ali ibn Umar al-Balawi. But the Sicilian lords find this unacceptable and decide to declare independence of Sicily. They acknowledge allegiance to the Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir and acclaim an Aghlabid prince, Ahmed ibn Khorob, as emir of Sicily. The Sicilians re-launch their conquest of Byzantine Calabria, while Ahmed ibn Khorob in Sicily leads a successful assault against the North African cities of Sfax and Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Arabian_Empire", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 952, "year_label": "952 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Kalbid forces under Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi (an aristocratic member of the ruling Fatimid Caliphate) sail from Sicily and invade Byzantine Calabria. He attacks several towns, including Gerace and Cassono.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512696#Africa", "title": "952", "revid": 1341512696, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 982, "year_label": "982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Otto II (the Red) assembles an imperial expeditionary force at Taranto, and proceeds along the gulf coast towards Calabria. In the meantime, Emir Abu'l-Qasim (Kalbid) of the Emirate of Sicily declares a Holy War (jihad) against the Germans, but his forces retreat when he notices the unexpected strength of Otto's troops (not far from Rossano).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468335#Europe", "title": "982", "revid": 1364468335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Diet of Verona: Emperor Otto II (the Red) declares war against the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Sicily. He assembles a large expeditionary force for a renewal of an invasion in Calabria (Southern Italy). Otto gifts the Rheingau (\"Rhine District\") to the Archbishopric of Mainz during the 'Veronese donation'. Otto III is elected king of Germany and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1025, "year_label": "1025 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Byzantine Emperor Basil II (\"Bulgar Slayer\") dies in Constantinople after a 50-year reign. Never married, he is succeeded by his brother and co-emperor Constantine VIII, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Constantine calls the Sicilian invasion off. Catapan Basil Boioannes diverts the Byzantine expeditionary force already assembled on Calabria, to join the siege of Capua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367042525#Events", "title": "1025", "revid": 1367042525, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1032, "year_label": "1032 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) sends a Byzantine expeditionary army under General Michael Protospatharios, which includes Western auxiliaries and elite troops of Asia Minor, to reinforce the Byzantine position in Calabria (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215247#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1032", "revid": 1342215247, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Europe", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Norman conquest of Sicily: The Normans conquer Noto and complete the 30-year-long conquest of Sicily from the Moorish rulers. Duke Roger Borsa (a son of Robert Guiscard) surrenders his share in the castles of Calabria, and receives his inheritance of Palermo. He grants charters to various towns and encourages urban planning in Apulia and Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Europe", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1101, "year_label": "1101 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Roger I, count of Sicily, dies at Mileto in Calabria after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Simon of Hauteville, while his mother, Adelaide del Vasto, acts as his regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268186#Europe", "title": "1101", "revid": 1365268186, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Peace of Caltabellotta is signed between King Charles the Lame, King of Naples and King Frederick III of Sicily, ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers. The Kingdom of Sicily will pass to Angevin rule on Frederick's death, in return Charles pays a tribute of some 100,000 ounces of gold. Frederick hands over all his possessions in Calabria and releases Charles' son Philip I, prince of Taranto, from his prison in Cefalù.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#July–September", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – A Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba lands in Calabria, with the purpose of ousting the French and restoring Ferdinand II of Naples to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#April–June", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano appears in Soriano Calabro, Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#July–September", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Philosopher Tommaso Campanella moves from Naples to Calabria, where he will be involved in a revolt against the rule of the Spanish viceroy the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#July–September", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – The largest volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius since 1631 takes place, with lava flows towards both San Giorgio a Cremano and Torre del Greco, after explosions in the crater that began April 5. Around April 20, ash falls are experienced as far away as Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#April–June", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – 1783 Calabrian earthquakes: The first of a sequence of five earthquakes strikes Calabria, Italy (February 5–7, March 1 & 28), leaving 50,000 dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#January–March", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria; residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for 5 days because of the decision.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#February", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › February"}}]}