{"slug": "calais", "label": "Calais", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6454", "qid": "Q6454", "description": "commune in Pas-de-Calais, France", "entries": 22, "years": 20, "span": [1346, 1959], "span_label": ["1346 CE", "1959 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "hundred-years-war", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "john-of-gaunt", "label": "John of Gaunt", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "english-channel", "label": "English Channel", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "dover", "label": "Dover", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-vi-of-france", "label": "Charles VI of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "richard-ii-of-england", "label": "Richard II of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gascony", "label": "Gascony", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "edward-iii-of-england", "label": "Edward III of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "john-ii-of-france", "label": "John II of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The English begin the siege of Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Hundred Years' War: The English win the city of Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, Edward III of England gives up his claim to the French throne, and releases King John II of France in return for French land, including Calais and Gascony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#January–December", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, lands with English troops at Calais to begin a raid in France while Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, assembles troops to confront the English invasion. The standoff continues while Lancaster waits for additional troops from the Earl of Warwick.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Hundred Years' War: John of Gaunt launches a new invasion of France, setting out with 15,000 men from Calais and marching through Picardy, Champagne and Burgundy, \"burning and destroying as he advanced", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#July–September", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – John of Gaunt's chevauchée of 1373: King Edward III appoints John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster as his captain-general in the war in France and sends him with a large army across the English Channel to Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#April–June", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – King Richard II of England, 29, marries Princess Isabelle of France, the 6-year-old daughter of King Charles VI of France, by proxy. The two will marry in person on October 31 in Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#January–December", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – The widowed Richard II of England (29), and six-year-old Isabella of Valois (daughter of Charles VI of France), are married in Calais, resulting in a temporary peace between the kingdoms of England and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#October–December", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – While under house arrest at Calais, awaiting trial for treason against his nephew, King Richard II of England, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester is assassinated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#July–December", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – The English Parliament closes its session at Westminster. Royal assent is given in the King's name to the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 (\"Certain things required in him who shall be a chooser of the knights of the parliament\"), the Appearance of Plaintiffs Act (setting \"the penalty of him that maketh a false entry, that the plaintiff doth offer himself in person, where his doth not\") and the Exportation Act (\"All wools and woolfells that shall be carried to any other place than to Calais, shall be forfeited to the King and the finder.\")", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#July–September", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1435, "year_label": "1435 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – As the English Parliament closes, King Henry VI's regents give royal assent to new legislation, including the Safe Conducts Act 1435, the Wools and Fells Act (directing that wool not be exported from England to any other location except Calais), and the Alien Goods Act (subtitled \"Merchandises taken in Ships of the King's Enemies, though belonging to Foreigners in Amity with the King, shall not be restored\")", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372061#October–December", "title": "1435", "revid": 1370372061, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1459, "year_label": "1459 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Wars of the Roses: With a royal force advancing on his fortress at Ludlow, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, flees to Ireland, while his ally Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (Warwick the Kingmaker, eldest son of the Earl of Salisbury) goes to Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366548241#October–December", "title": "1459", "revid": 1366548241, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Burgundian Wars: Edward IV of England lands in Calais, in support of the Duchy of Burgundy against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#July–September", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The Peace of Étaples is signed between England and France, ending French support for Perkin Warbeck, the pretender to the English throne. All English-held territory in France (with the exception of Calais) is returned to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#October—December", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Brought on ships across the English Channel, an English fleet and army under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, attacks Brittany and Picardy after landing at Le Dourduff-en-Mer, near Calais, and burns and loots the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#July–September", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – French troops, led by François, Duke of Guise, take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England, in the Siege of Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#January–March", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1559, "year_label": "1559 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Peace of Cateau Cambrésis: After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending the Italian War of 1551–59. France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), retaining only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and the formerly English town of Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794840#April–June", "title": "1559", "revid": 1366794840, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Siege of Calais: Spanish troops capture Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#April–June", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a hydrogen gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#January–March", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – William Wordsworth, leaving London for Dover and Calais with his sister Dorothy, witnesses the early morning scene which he captures in his sonnet \"Composed upon Westminster Bridge\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#July–September", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The British SR.N1 hovercraft crosses the English Channel from Calais to Dover in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary of Louis Blériot's first crossing by heavier-than-air craft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#July", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › July"}}]}