{"slug": "caledonians", "label": "Caledonians", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonians", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379394", "qid": "Q379394", "description": "Celtic tribal confederacy in present-day Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman era", "entries": 9, "years": 8, "span": [77, 209], "span_label": ["77 CE", "209 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hadrian-s-wall", "label": "Hadrian's Wall", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "firth-of-forth", "label": "Firth of Forth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gnaeus-julius-agricola", "label": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "picts", "label": "Picts", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-britain", "label": "Roman Britain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-army", "label": "Roman army", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "legio-ix-hispana", "label": "Legio IX Hispana", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hadrian", "label": "Hadrian", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "antoninus-pius", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "septimius-severus", "label": "Septimius Severus", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 77, "year_label": "77 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Caledonian tribes in Scotland form a confederacy of 30,000 warriors, under the leadership of Calgacus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506529#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 77", "revid": 1371506529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland, and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 84, "year_label": "84 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506467#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 84", "revid": 1371506467, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 122, "year_label": "122 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737565#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 122", "revid": 1364737565, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 142, "year_label": "142 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187866#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 142", "revid": 1371187866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 205, "year_label": "205 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Hadrian's Wall is restored, after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364746464#Roman_Empire", "title": "205", "revid": 1364746464, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 208, "year_label": "208 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) into Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187746#Roman_Empire", "title": "208", "revid": 1371187746, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 209, "year_label": "209 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Septimius Severus makes plans to subdue the land to the north of Scotland, ravaging it severely. Road-building and forest-clearing, the Roman army reaches Aber; Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191170#Roman_Empire", "title": "209", "revid": 1371191170, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}]}