{"slug": "caliphate-of-cordoba", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171740", "qid": "Q171740", "description": "state in Islamic Iberia (929–1031)", "entries": 40, "years": 36, "span": [713, 1036], "span_label": ["713 CE", "1036 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 10}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "abd-ar-rahman-iii", "label": "Abd-ar-Rahman III", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cordoba-spain", "label": "Córdoba, Spain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-castile", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "almanzor", "label": "Almanzor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "berbers", "label": "Berbers", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-leon", "label": "Kingdom of León", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "abd-al-rahman-i", "label": "Abd al-Rahman I", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 713, "year_label": "713 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab forces under Musa ibn Nusayr conquer the fortress city of Mérida, located on the borders of Andalusia. It becomes part of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807131#Arabian_Empire", "title": "713", "revid": 1340807131, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 788)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Births", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 784, "year_label": "784 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (Al-Andalus), begins the construction of the Prayer Hall of the Great Mosque of Córdoba. He uses the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace, and names it in honour of his wife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848263#Arabian_Empire", "title": "784", "revid": 1340848263, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 793, "year_label": "793 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Hisham I of Córdoba calls for a jihad (\"Holy War\") against the Christian Franks. He assembles an army of 70,000 men, half of which attacks the Kingdom of Asturias, destroying its capital, Oviedo, while the other half invades Languedoc, penetrating as far as Narbonne. After capturing the city, the contingent moves towards Carcassonne and conquers it too. Both armies return to Córdoba enriched with the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906953#Arabian_Empire", "title": "793", "revid": 1364906953, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 823, "year_label": "823 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 886)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073980#Births", "title": "823", "revid": 1267073980, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Iñigo Arista revolts against the Frankish Empire, and establishes the Kingdom of Pamplona, with the support of the Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#Europe", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (b. 823)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Deaths", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Abd al-Rahman III succeeds his grandfather Abdullah ibn Muhammad (after his execution) and becomes emir of Córdoba (Al-Andalus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Arabian_Empire", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Emir Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba, Spain, proclaims himself caliph and creates the Caliphate of Córdoba. He breaks his allegiance to, and ties with, the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba invades and conquers the city of Ceuta, which was ruled by the Berber dynasty Banu Isam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#North_Africa", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fatimid forces fail to seize the Maghreb al-Aqsa (modern Morocco) from the local Berber tribes allied to the Iberia-based Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Africa", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 934, "year_label": "934 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III invades Navarra and forces Queen Toda to submit to him. Her son the 15-year-old King García Sánchez I becomes a vassal of the Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512094#Europe", "title": "934", "revid": 1341512094, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Yazid, a Kharijite Berber leader, launches a rebellion in the Aurès Mountains (modern Algeria) against the Fatamids, seeking aid from the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Africa", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III occupies the palace of Medina Azahara (called \"the shining city\") as the new capital of the Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman III the Caliph of Córdoba declares Jihad, preparing a large army & conquers the city of Lugo in the extreme North of Iberia. This raid shows to be one of the furthest raids Muslims in Spain ever conducted, done as a show of strength of the Muslim State in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Europe", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Chandax: A Byzantine fleet with an expeditionary force (comprising about 50,000 men) under Nikephoros Phokas lands on Crete. Nikephoros defeats the Muslim resistance and begins a siege at the capital of Chandax. He decides to blockade the city for the winter, while his engineers begin to construct siege engines. Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb sends for aid by the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III dies after a 32-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Hakam II as ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Europe", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Abd al-Rahman III, caliph of Córdoba", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Deaths", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hisham II, caliph of Córdoba (Spain) (d. 1013)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Births", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hisham III, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (d. 1036)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Births", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "An offensive, by the Spain-based Caliphate of Córdoba brings the Maghrebi Idrisid Dynasty to an end. Caliph Al-Hakam II maintains the supremacy of the caliphate over the kingdoms of Navarra, Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Africa", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Caliph Al-Hakam II dies after a 15-year reign in which he has ended the Fatimid Caliphate in Morocco and made the University of Córdoba the greatest institution in the world. Al-Hakam is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Hisham II as ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba. His widow Subh becomes regent together with Almanzor the de facto rulers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Europe", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Almanzor, a court official and regent of Córdoba, becomes a chamberlain (hajib) and seizes power from the 13-year-old Caliph Hisham II. During his reign, Almanzor will exercise strong influence over Subh (the mother of Hisham) and wages successful campaigns against the Christian kingdoms in Northern Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, Chancellor and effective ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers the Castle of Montemor-o-Velho (modern Portugal), expanding the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Europe", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Al-Mansur dies after a 24-year reign and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar as ruler (hajib) of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Albesa: Muslim forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba defeat the northern Christian armies of León, Pamplona and Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Europe", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – Abu Rakwa, Andalusian Umayyad prince", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Deaths", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1009, "year_label": "1009 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Berber forces led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam defeat the Umayyad caliph Muhammad II in the battle of Alcolea. He enters the city of Córdoba, which is sacked by Berbers and Castillans. Sulayman is elected as caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910037#Europe", "title": "1009", "revid": 1341910037, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1010, "year_label": "1010 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Fitna of al-Andalus – Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr: The Caliphate of Córdoba is defeated. Allied to Muslim rebels, Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona sacks Córdoba, and Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373015431#Europe", "title": "1010", "revid": 1373015431, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sulayman ibn al-Hakam reconquers the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and deposes Hisham II. Sulayman becomes the fifth Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (until 1016).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Europe", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Hisham II, caliph of Córdoba (Spain) (b. 966)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Deaths", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1016, "year_label": "1016 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, caliph of Córdoba", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261531#Deaths", "title": "1016", "revid": 1365261531, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1018, "year_label": "1018 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir, caliph of Córdoba", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367470608#Deaths", "title": "1018", "revid": 1367470608, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur, a grandson of the prominent Andalusian figure Almanzor begins his rule in Taifa of Valencia, a Moorish kingdom in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), ushering in a period of relative stability and prosperity that will last until 1061. Taifa of Valencia gained its independence from the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1010.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Judge-Governor of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) takes advantage of the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#Europe", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Abd al-Rahman V becomes the Muslim Caliph of Córdoba in what is now most of the southern two-thirds of Spain and Portugal by overthrowing Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun, but only serves for six weeks until his assassination by Muhammad III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#October–December", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – (18 Dhu-I-qa'da 413 AH) In Spain, Al-Ma'mun al-Qāsim ibn Ḥammud returns to Córdoba to become the new Emir, after the Emir Yaḥya ibn ʿAli ibn Ḥammud al-Muʿtali bi-llāh leaves the city and moves to Málaga. Al-Qasim reigns for 10 months before being forced out by Abd al-Rahman V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#January–March", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abd ar-Rahman V, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Deaths", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1031, "year_label": "1031 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Caliphate of Córdoba collapses after years of infighting; the caliphate fractures into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms). The last Umayyad ruler, Caliph Hisham III, tries to consolidate the caliphate, but his raising of taxes (to pay for mosques) leads to heavy opposition and he is imprisoned by his rivals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371210564#Europe", "title": "1031", "revid": 1371210564, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1036, "year_label": "1036 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hisham III, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (b. 973)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215297#Deaths", "title": "1036", "revid": 1342215297, "section": "Deaths"}}]}