{"slug": "campania", "label": "Campania", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438", "qid": "Q1438", "description": "region in Southern Italy", "entries": 32, "years": 31, "span": [-473, 1998], "span_label": ["474 BCE", "1998 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "samnites", "label": "Samnites", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "naples", "label": "Naples", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "arabs", "label": "Arabs", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syracuse-sicily", "label": "Syracuse, Sicily", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cumae", "label": "Cumae", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "samnium", "label": "Samnium", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scipio-africanus", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -473, "year_label": "474 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hiero I, tyrant of Syracuse, allied with naval forces from the maritime Greek cities of southern Italy defeats the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae. This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598367#Italy", "title": "474 BC", "revid": 1360598367, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -427, "year_label": "428 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Cumae in Italy falls to the Samnites, who begin to take control of the Campanian plain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151725633#Italy", "title": "428 BC", "revid": 1151725633, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cales (modern Calvi), a city in Campania, is taken by the Romans and a Roman colony is established there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Roman_Republic", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While the consuls are fighting the Samnites at Tarracina, the Romans elect Gaius Maenius as Dictator with Marcus Foslius Flaccinator as his Magister Equitum (Master-of-Horse, Second-in-Command) and send them into Campania at the head of a large army. When Maenius and Foslius arrive near Capua, the Campanians, hearing about the defeat of the Samnites at Tarracina, start negotiating terms with the Romans; they surrender those who are guilty of the uprising and in turn are reinstated in their alliance with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Roman_Republic", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Success seems to be going the Samnites' way in their ongoing battles against the Romans. Campania is on the verge of deserting Rome. Peace is established between Rome and some Samnite towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Roman_Republic", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The second Samnite war formally ends with a peace agreement in which the Samnites obtain peace on terms that are severe but not as crushing as those agreed by the Romans with the Etruscans four years earlier. Under the peace, Rome gains no territory, but the Samnites renounce their hegemony over Campania. Rome is also successful in ending the revolts amongst the tribes surrounding Roman territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#Roman_Republic", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -268, "year_label": "269 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mamertines, a body of Campanian mercenaries who have been employed by Agathocles, the former tyrant of Syracuse, capture the stronghold of Messana (Messina in north-eastern Sicily), from which they harass the Syracusans. The Syracusan military leader, Hieron, defeats them in a pitched battle at the Longanus River near Mylae, but Carthaginian forces intervene to prevent him from capturing Messana. His grateful countrymen then choose Hieron as their king and tyrant, to be known as Hieron II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480925#Sicily", "title": "269 BC", "revid": 1370480925, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal ravages Apulia and Campania; meanwhile the delaying tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus' army allows only skirmishes to occur between the two armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Roman_Republic", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After the defeat at Cannae, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army at Canusium and saves the city of Nola and southern Campania from occupation by Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Roman_Republic", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Roman_Republic", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus dies at Liternum in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -133, "year_label": "134 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caius Fulvius Flaccus, as consul, is sent against the slaves. Uprising of 4,000 slaves crushed at Sinuessa, in Campania. Slave uprisings repressed in Attic silver mines and on the island of Delos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1175484109#Roman_Republic", "title": "134 BC", "revid": 1175484109, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Octavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A great earthquake damages cities in Campania, including Pompeii (February 5).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Maximian retires from office, and leaves for Campania or Lucania (southern Italy), to live a life of ease in his luxury villas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Roman_Empire", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "An estimated 330,000 acres of farmland lie abandoned in Campania (southern Italy), partly as a consequence of malaria from mosquitoes bred in swampy areas, but mostly because imprudent agriculture has ruined the land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Agriculture", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By topic › Agriculture"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Roman_Empire", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Vandals land in Campania, at the mouth of the Liri or the Garigliano River, and devastate the region. Majorian personally leads the Roman army and defeats the invaders near Sinuessa, destroying their ships on the seashore, loaded with booty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Roman_Empire", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 499, "year_label": "499 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – During a synod in Rome, which is attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy, Pope Symmachus makes Antipope Laurentius bishop of the diocese of Nocera in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367503464#Religion", "title": "499", "revid": 1367503464, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Naples: Totila besieges the city of Naples in Campania. A Byzantine relief force from Sicily is intercepted and almost destroyed by Gothic warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Mons Lactarius: King Teia secretly marches to join forces with his brother Aligern in Campania, to relieve the siege of Cumae. Meanwhile at Mons Lactarius (modern Monti Lattari), Narses lays an ambush. The combined Gothic force is crushed in a hopeless last stand for two days (south of Naples), and Teia is killed in the fighting. Aligern escapes, but surrenders a few months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "John VIII travels throughout Campania, in an effort to form an alliance among the southern Italian states (the cities of Salerno, Capua, Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi) against Muslim raids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Religion", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 884, "year_label": "884 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fall – The Arabs sack the abbey of Monte Cassino in two raids (September and November). The bulk of the monastic community flee to Teano (Campania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654158#Arabian_Empire", "title": "884", "revid": 1366654158, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 938, "year_label": "938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King Hugh of Arles. They cross the Apennines, and sack the Lombard lands in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania. Finally, the Hungarians are defeated at Wolfenbüttel by a Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468181#Europe", "title": "938", "revid": 1364468181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Otto arrives at Rome; Pope John XII and Adalbert II (co-ruler of Italy) flee to Campania, taking with them most of the Papal treasury. The Roman citizens warmly receive Otto as a 'liberator'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Europe", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Otto III retakes Rome and restores power in the papal city. Crescentius II (the Younger) and his followers barricade themselves in Castel Sant'Angelo. Otto's former tutor John Philagathos (Antipope John XVI), who tries to escape into Campania, is pursued by German troops and captured. He is horribly mutilated – his ears, nose and tongue cut off and his eyes are gouged out. Crescentius surrenders at his stronghold and is beheaded. Otto reinstates his cousin, Gregory V, as pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Europe", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Frederick II arrives at Cyprus, where he attends the wedding proxy of the 12-year-old King Henry I (the Fat) to Alice of Montferrat – whose father is one of his staunch supporters in Italy. On June 10, Frederick lands at Brindisi, where the papal army under his father-in-law John of Brienne has invaded the Italian territories in Campania (→ War of the Keys).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Sixth_Crusade", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Sixth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – The Conspiracy of the Barons, a revolt by the Neapolitan nobility, begins in the Kingdom of Naples with the rebels taking an oath at the Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate in Campania against the rule of King Ferrante, the Spanish prince made King of Naples after the kingdom's conquest by the Crown of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#July–September", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Herculaneum, an ancient town in Ercolano, Campania, Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#Date_unknown", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – 1805 Molise earthquake: 5,573 people in Molise and Campania, Italy, are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#July–September", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5–6 - landslides in Campania, Italy kill 161", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#May", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › May"}}]}