{"slug": "cappadocia", "label": "Cappadocia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217265", "qid": "Q217265", "description": "historical region of Anatolia in Turkey", "entries": 49, "years": 48, "span": [-407, 1069], "span_label": ["408 BCE", "1069 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 29}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-pontus", "label": "Kingdom of Pontus", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "bithynia", "label": "Bithynia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pontus-region", "label": "Pontus (region)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kayseri", "label": "Kayseri", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "phrygia", "label": "Phrygia", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Darius II of Persia decides to continue the war against Athens and give support to the Spartans. His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap (governor) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Persian_Empire", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes of Cardia as governor of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia; and", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -320, "year_label": "321 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antipater appoints Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor and sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359962346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "321 BC", "revid": 1359962346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -320, "year_label": "321 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus and Craterus defeat Eumenes in battle but Eumenes escapes. Antigonus and Craterus then besiege him unsuccessfully in the mountain fortress of Nora on the border between Cappadocia and Lycaonia. Craterus is killed during the fighting against Eumenes when his charging horse (Diodorus) falls over him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359962346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "321 BC", "revid": 1359962346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -318, "year_label": "319 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Orkynia: Antigonus marches his army against Eumenes in Cappadocia and defeats him in battle at Orkynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1222246653#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "319 BC", "revid": 1222246653, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus is unable to bring under his control the Persian dynasties that rule in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Asia_Minor", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -157, "year_label": "158 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the request of the Romans, Ariarathes V, king of Cappadocia, rejects a proposal from the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for him to marry the sister of Demetrius I. In response, Seleucid forces attack Cappadocia and remove Ariarathes V from the Cappadocian throne. Demetrius I then replaces him with Orophernes Nicephorus, a supposed son of the late king, Ariarathes IV. With Ariarathes V deprived of his kingdom, he flees to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341939919#Asia_Minor", "title": "158 BC", "revid": 1341939919, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -156, "year_label": "157 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After Ariarathes V has been deposed from the Cappadocian throne by the Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter and has fled to Rome, the new king of Cappadocia, Orophernes, sends two ambassadors to Rome to join the Seleucid emissaries of Demetrius in opposing Ariarathes V's return to power. Despite their efforts, Ariarathes V is restored to his throne by the Romans. However, Rome allows Orophernes to reign jointly with him. The joint government, however, does not last long, as Ariarathes V becomes sole king of Cappadocia shortly afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311551494#Roman_Republic", "title": "157 BC", "revid": 1311551494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -129, "year_label": "130 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ariarathes V, king of Cappadocia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328907388#Deaths", "title": "130 BC", "revid": 1328907388, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -96, "year_label": "97 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ariarathes VIII is forced out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, and dies soon afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280577092#Asia_Minor", "title": "97 BC", "revid": 1280577092, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -94, "year_label": "95 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios becomes king of Cappadocia with Roman backing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371872188#Asia_Minor", "title": "95 BC", "revid": 1371872188, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sulla repulses Tigranes of Armenia from Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Roman_Republic", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -88, "year_label": "89 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Bithynia and Cappadocia, thus beginning the First Mithridatic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369865499#Asia_Minor", "title": "89 BC", "revid": 1369865499, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -87, "year_label": "88 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians in a single day (App.Mith.§§85–91). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703284#Greece", "title": "88 BC", "revid": 1325703284, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Rome on his death (75/4 BC). Angered by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declares war on Rome and invades Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -54, "year_label": "55 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Archelaus, high priest of Comana (Cappadocia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737843#Deaths", "title": "55 BC", "revid": 1364737843, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -50, "year_label": "51 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ariobarzanes II (Philopator), king of Cappadocia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350525894#Deaths", "title": "51 BC", "revid": 1350525894, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antony reorganizes Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raises troops from his allies: Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ariarathes X (or Eusebes Philadelphos), king of Cappadocia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Deaths", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 17, "year_label": "17 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cappadocia (Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 17 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 54, "year_label": "54 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Domitius Corbulo marches his legions (Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X) into the mountains of Cappadocia and makes camp. He gives the men a harsh training, twenty-five-mile marches and weapons drills.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Anatolia", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 54 AD › Anatolia"}}, {"year": 59, "year_label": "59 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman commander in the east, captures Tigranocerta in Mesopotamia. He installs Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Caucasus", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 59 AD › Caucasus"}}, {"year": 74, "year_label": "74 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Polemon II, prince of the Bosporan Kingdom, Pontus, Cilicia and Cappadocia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332696044#Deaths", "title": "AD 74", "revid": 1332696044, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 129, "year_label": "129 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186871#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 129", "revid": 1371186871, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 134, "year_label": "134 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arrianus, Roman governor of Cappadocia, repulses an attack of the Alani, a nomadic tribe from southeastern Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188678#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 134", "revid": 1371188678, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 202, "year_label": "202 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In order to avoid Septimus Severus' persecution of Christians, Clement of Alexandria seeks refuge with Alexander in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367880704#Religion", "title": "202", "revid": 1367880704, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 218, "year_label": "218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats, with the support of the Syrian legions, the forces of Macrinus. Macrinus flees, but is captured near Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188214#Roman_Empire", "title": "218", "revid": 1371188214, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 230, "year_label": "230 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371190910#Persian_Empire", "title": "230", "revid": 1371190910, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Septimius Odaenathus of Palmyra makes plans for a campaign in Cappadocia against the Goths. He is assassinated, along with his eldest son, most probably by his nephew due to a previous altercation between him and Odaenathus. His wife Zenobia succeeds him, and rules Vaballathus (the Palmyrene Empire) with her young son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Near_East", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tacitus dies in Tyana, Cappadocia. He either dies of illness, or is murdered by the faction responsible for having assassinated Aurelian and Maximinus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 370, "year_label": "370 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Basil the Great becomes bishop of Caesarea (Cappadocia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337457472#Religion", "title": "370", "revid": 1337457472, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Asia", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August", "text": "August – Basiliscus, Roman usurper, is deposed and Zeno is restored as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. With the support of his adviser Illus, he besieges Constantinople, but the Senate opens the gates, allowing him to resume the throne. Basiliscus flees to sanctuary in a church, but surrenders himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus is sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where he later dies from starvation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 493, "year_label": "493 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Isaurian War: Claudiopolis, ancient city of Cappadocia, is besieged and captured by the Romans. The Isaurians blockade the mountain passes, but John the Hunchback (John Gibbo) wins an overwhelming victory against the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "493", "revid": 1340790263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Issus: Heraclius defeats the Persian forces under Shahrbaraz in Cappadocia. He recaptures Anatolia, but returns to Constantinople to deal with the threat posed to his Balkan domains by the Avars, and puts the Byzantine army into winter quarters in Pontus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sarus: Heraclius is victorious in a Byzantine assault river crossing. The reinforced Persians under Shahrbaraz are defeated along the Sarus River, near Adana (modern Turkey). Heraclius recaptures Cappadocia and Pontus, and returns to Trapezus to spend the winter. Shahrbaraz retreats in good order, and is able to continue his advance through Asia Minor towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 707, "year_label": "707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Asia Minor, and lays siege to Tyana (Cappadocia). The fortress city resists, dragging the siege through the winter and into 708.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807099#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 707", "revid": 1340807099, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 708, "year_label": "708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Umayyads under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik capture and sack the Byzantine city of Tyana (Cappadocia) after a prolonged siege, and following a victory over a Byzantine relief army. Maslamah also leads another expedition in the summer, raiding and conquering Amorium (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807106#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "708", "revid": 1340807106, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Leo III of the Byzantine Empire orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. Many monks flee to Greece and Italy (taking smaller icons with them, hidden in their clothing); others flee to the caves of the Cappadocian desert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Religion", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 766, "year_label": "766 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Kamacha: Abbasid forces under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba are defeated at the fortress city of Kamacha, in eastern Cappadocia (modern Turkey). A Byzantine relief army (12,000 men) forces the Abbasids to retreat into Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073182#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "766", "revid": 1267073182, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). It is confronted by two Byzantine armies at Podandos in Cappadocia, who are defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos invades the Abbasid dominions, and reaches the Euphrates River in north-eastern Syria. He captures and sacks the city of Tarsus, but is defeated in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January", "text": "January – Arethas of Caesarea speaks on the occasion of the Epiphany. He becomes the official rhetor at the Byzantine court of Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) at Constantinople, and is nominated as Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Religion", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Seljuk Turks make incursions into Mesopotamia, Cilicia and Cappadocia. They sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea, move south through the Cilician Gates and raid the region around Antioch in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1068, "year_label": "1068 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, wife of the late Emperor Constantine X, marries General Romanos Diogenes (a member of a prominent Cappadocian family) – who is proclaimed co-emperor as Romanos IV of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372127712#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1068", "revid": 1372127712, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1069, "year_label": "1069 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine rear guard and advance deep into Cappadocia and Lycaonia. They plunder at will, but fail to capture the city of Iconium. Romanos retreats and returns to Constantinople. Alp Arslan takes advantage of Romanos' retreat and captures Manzikert. He recaptures the strategical fortress cities of Chliat and Van, consolidating his control over the Lake Van region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243049384#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1069", "revid": 1243049384, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}