{"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6343", "qid": "Q6343", "description": "historical city in Tunisia", "entries": 116, "years": 106, "span": [-549, 682], "span_label": ["550 BCE", "682 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 76}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 14}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 37}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 24}, {"slug": "syracuse-sicily", "label": "Syracuse, Sicily", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "numidia", "label": "Numidia", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "second-punic-war", "label": "Second Punic War", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "hamilcar-barca", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "scipio-africanus", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "dionysius-i-of-syracuse", "label": "Dionysius I of Syracuse", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -549, "year_label": "550 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mago I begins his rule of Carthage and founds the Magonid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356470815#Events", "title": "550 BC", "revid": 1356470815, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -500, "year_label": "501 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gadir (present-day Cádiz) is captured by Carthage. (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322276305#Mediterranean", "title": "501 BC", "revid": 1322276305, "section": "Events › By place › Mediterranean"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes encourages the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Under the Carthaginian military leader, Hamilcar, Carthage sends across a large army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Sicily", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar, Carthaginian general (suicide after his defeat in the Battle of Himera)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Deaths", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -417, "year_label": "418 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades urges the Athenians to conquer Syracuse, subdue Sicily and Carthage and thus gain added forces that will enable them to finish the war against Sparta. His bold offensive plan wins the support of the Athenians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1221749718#Greece", "title": "418 BC", "revid": 1221749718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum (Acragas). Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies. Himilco assumes command and captures Agrigentum (Acragas), Gela and Camarina. Gela is destroyed and its treasures sacked. The survivors take refuge in Syracuse. The plague is carried back to Carthage by its soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Carthage", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius the Elder rises to power as the tyrant of Syracuse. He makes peace with the Carthaginian general, Himilco (whose army has been weakened by the plague), and fortifies Syracuse. This treaty leaves Carthage in control of most of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Sicily", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -397, "year_label": "398 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, breaks his peace treaty with Carthage and strikes at Carthaginian cities in the western corner of Sicily which have been weakened by the plague. There is a massacre of Carthaginians in many of these cities. Motya, with its fine harbour, is attacked and captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301424638#Sicily", "title": "398 BC", "revid": 1301424638, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -396, "year_label": "397 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Syracuse: A Carthaginian expeditionary army (some 50,000 men) under Himilco crosses to Sicily. They conquer the north coast and put Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, on the defensive and besiege Syracuse. However, the Carthaginian army suffers from the plague. The Syracuse counterattacked and completely defeat Himilco's army. Himilco has to escape back to Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698502#Carthage", "title": "397 BC", "revid": 1352698502, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians are forced to abandon their siege of Syracuse (begun in 398 BC) due to a plague, but destroy Messina. Dionysius' first war with Carthage ends with a notable victory for Dionysius, who confines his enemy's power to an area of northwest Sicily. On his return home, the Carthaginian general, Himilco, commits suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Carthage", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Himilco, Carthaginian general.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Deaths", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius I of Syracuse, having increased his power over the native Sicilians (Sicels), is now attacked by a second Carthaginian expedition. He is forced to ally himself with the Sicels. The Carthaginian army, under Mago II, is defeated, makes peace, and returns to Carthage. The treaty with Carthage is advantageous to Dionysius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Sicily", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius I's third war with Carthage proves disastrous. He suffers a crushing defeat at Cronium and is forced to pay an indemnity of 1,000 talents and cede the territory west of the Halycus River to the Carthaginians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Sicily", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -366, "year_label": "367 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius II makes peace with Carthage on the same terms established after his father's defeat by Carthage in the previous decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291620451#Sicily", "title": "367 BC", "revid": 1291620451, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -347, "year_label": "348 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Rome and Carthage make a trade agreement under which Carthage will not attack those Latin states which are faithful to Rome. This agreement demonstrates that Rome is now the dominant power in the Latin League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992031#Roman_Republic", "title": "348 BC", "revid": 1209992031, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -343, "year_label": "344 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The aristocracy of Syracuse appeal to their mother city of Corinth against their tyrant Dionysius II. The Corinthian general Timoleon is chosen to lead a liberation force to Sicily. Landing at Tauromenium (Taormina) on March 21st, Timoleon faces two armies, one under Dionysius and the other under Hicetas (tyrant of nearby Leontini), who has also called in Carthaginian forces. By shrewd tactics Timoleon defeats his enemies and occupies Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172872#Sicily", "title": "344 BC", "revid": 1354172872, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -341, "year_label": "342 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Corinthian general Timoleon spreads his rule over Sicily, removing a number of other tyrants and preparing Sicily for another threatened Carthaginian invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992354#Sicily", "title": "342 BC", "revid": 1209992354, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -339, "year_label": "340 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, again persuades Carthage to send a large army to Sicily, which lands at Lilybaeum. Timoleon of Syracuse meets this large Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Crimissus in the west of Sicily and achieves a brilliant victory against superior odds. Despite this victory, the Carthaginians continue to occupy the western half of Sicily, with a treaty being concluded that confines the Carthaginians to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239354213#Sicily", "title": "340 BC", "revid": 1239354213, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage makes another effort to conquer all of Sicily. The Carthaginians dispatch some mercenaries to extend the conflict between Timoleon and the Sicilian tyrants. But this effort ends in the defeat of Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, who is taken prisoner and put to death. By a treaty between Syracuse and Carthage, the dominion of Carthage in Sicily is confined to the lands west of the Halycus (Platani) River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Sicily", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Deinocrates, the leader of the Syracusan exiles, sends envoys to the Carthaginians to ask them for help against Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse. The Carthaginians, fearing for their own possessions in Sicily, send a large force to the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Sicily", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, increased the size of his forces until they surpassed the Carthaginian garrison forces on the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Sicily", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage, concerned with Agathocles' increasing powers, decided to send 130 warships and 14,200 soldiers under the command of a general named Hamilcar (son of Gisco, grandson of Hanno the Great).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Sicily", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar crosses the Mediterranean with an army and wins the Battle of Himera against Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Sicily", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, escapes from the siege of the city by the Carthaginians with a fleet and carries the war with the Carthaginians back into his enemy's territory. He defeats the Carthaginians in the Battle of White Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Sicily_and_Africa", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily and Africa"}}, {"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians send out an army to coerce the Zuphones, a Numidian tribe, back into their alliance with Carthage; they are successful in their endeavour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#North_Africa", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage musters (30,000 soldiers in total) and sends out three armies; one inland, one into the midlands, and one against the cities along the coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#North_Africa", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A peace agreement is reached between Syracuse and Carthage. The peace restricts Carthaginian power in Sicily to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River. This agreement allows the tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, to strengthen his rule over the Greek cities in the east of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Sicily", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -288, "year_label": "289 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, dies after restoring the Syracusan democracy on his death bed by stating that he does not want his sons to succeed him as king. However, the resulting dissension among his family about the succession leads to a renewal of Carthaginian power in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1263946932#Sicily", "title": "289 BC", "revid": 1263946932, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians and the Romans agree to support each other against a common foe. The Carthaginians give Rome money and ships in their fight against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Roman_Republic", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -277, "year_label": "278 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians seize an opportunity to interfere in a quarrel between Syracuse and Agrigentum and besiege Syracuse. The Syracusans ask for help from Pyrrhus and Pyrrhus transfers his army there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129454#Sicily", "title": "278 BC", "revid": 1350129454, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -276, "year_label": "277 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus captures Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompts the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities in Sicily to defect to Pyrrhus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256058749#Sicily", "title": "277 BC", "revid": 1256058749, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -268, "year_label": "269 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mamertines, a body of Campanian mercenaries who have been employed by Agathocles, the former tyrant of Syracuse, capture the stronghold of Messana (Messina in north-eastern Sicily), from which they harass the Syracusans. The Syracusan military leader, Hieron, defeats them in a pitched battle at the Longanus River near Mylae, but Carthaginian forces intervene to prevent him from capturing Messana. His grateful countrymen then choose Hieron as their king and tyrant, to be known as Hieron II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480925#Sicily", "title": "269 BC", "revid": 1370480925, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hiero II threatens to renew his attack on the Mamertines. They appeal to Carthage and receive the support of a Carthaginian garrison. The Mamertines also appeal to the Romans who are also willing to help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Italy", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome besieges the city of Agrigentum which is held by Carthage under the command of Hannibal Gisco. Rome's siege involves both consular armies – a total of four Roman legions – and takes several months to resolve. The garrison of Agrigentum manages to call for reinforcements and a Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno comes to the rescue and destroys the Roman supply base at Erbessus. Nevertheless, after a few skirmishes, the battle of Agrigentum is fought and won by Rome, and the city falls. Gisco manages to escape to Carthage in the late stages of the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#Roman_Republic", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -260, "year_label": "261 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, determined to win control of Sicily from Carthage, build a fleet based on the model of a captured Carthaginian quinquereme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278727971#Roman_Republic", "title": "261 BC", "revid": 1278727971, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -259, "year_label": "260 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman advance continues westward from Agrigentum with their forces relieving the besieged cities of Segesta and Macella. These cities have sided with the Roman cause, and have come under Carthaginian attack for doing so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948890#Sicily", "title": "260 BC", "revid": 1325948890, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -258, "year_label": "259 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar take advantage of their victory at Thermae in Sicily by counterattacking the Romans and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continues south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, to try to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1073120545#Sicily", "title": "259 BC", "revid": 1073120545, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -257, "year_label": "258 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they take the town of Mytistraton, which they have attacked twice previously. The Romans also move in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but are not able to take the city due to the city's heavily fortified walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128147349#Roman_Republic", "title": "258 BC", "revid": 1128147349, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -256, "year_label": "257 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans attack Sardinia and try to capture it from the Carthaginians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128152509#Roman_Republic", "title": "257 BC", "revid": 1128152509, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -255, "year_label": "256 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, the Romans land an army near Carthage (Tunesia, North Africa) and begin ravaging the Carthaginian countryside. The Roman army soon forces the capitulation of Clupea, a town 40 mi km east of Carthage. After setting up Roman defenses for the city, the two consuls receive instructions from Rome that Vulso is to set sail for Rome, taking most of the fleet with him. Regulus, on the other hand, is to stay with the infantry and cavalry to finish the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1232457970#North_Africa", "title": "256 BC", "revid": 1232457970, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -255, "year_label": "256 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "From their new base at Aspis the Romans march on towards Carthage; they encounter and defeat the Carthaginian army at the Battle of Adys.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1232457970#North_Africa", "title": "256 BC", "revid": 1232457970, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -255, "year_label": "256 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome aims for a quick end to hostilities in the First Punic War and decides to invade the Carthaginian colonies in Northern Africa to force the enemy to accept terms. A major fleet is built, including transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1232457970#Roman_Republic", "title": "256 BC", "revid": 1232457970, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Adis (or Adys) is fought near the city of that name, 40 mi km southeast of Carthage, between Carthaginian forces and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus. The Romans inflict a crushing defeat upon the Carthaginians, and the latter then sue for peace. The ensuing negotiations between the parties lead to Regulus demanding Carthage agree to an unconditional surrender, cede Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia to Rome, renounce the use of their navy, pay an indemnity, and sign a vassal-like treaty. These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Roman_Republic", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -253, "year_label": "254 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans lose control of the Sicilian city of Agrigentum to the Carthaginians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211697794#Roman_Republic", "title": "254 BC", "revid": 1211697794, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, attack the Carthaginian held port city of Panormus after taking Kephalodon. After fierce fighting in the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal (the Fair), are defeated and the city falls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#Roman_Republic", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Punic War, the Romans shift their attention to the southwest of Sicily. They send a naval expedition toward the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seize and burn the Carthaginian held cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. The Romans then begin the siege of Lilybaeum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Roman_Republic", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -246, "year_label": "247 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Numidia Carthaginian general Hanno conquered the city of Theveste (nicknamed: Hekatompylos) after which he negotiated a peace settlement with the Numidians ending Carthage's war with the Numidians. He was praised by both parties for the fairness of the treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297567119#Carthage", "title": "247 BC", "revid": 1297567119, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Battle of the Aegates: The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Roman_Republic", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Concerned that Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the Mercenary War will encourage others to defect, Mathos and Spendius order the mutilation and execution of \"about seven hundred\" Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Carthage", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca strikes at the supply lines of the mercenary army besieging Carthage, forcing them to cease the siege of the city. He then fights a series of running engagements with the mercenary armies, keeping them off balance. Hamilcar manages to force the mercenary armies into a box canyon in the Battle of \"The Saw\". The mercenaries are besieged in the canyon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Carthage", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -236, "year_label": "237 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the rebels results in a growth in his strength as leader of Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the landed nobility, Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332615643#Carthage", "title": "237 BC", "revid": 1332615643, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -230, "year_label": "231 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276082373#Roman_Republic", "title": "231 BC", "revid": 1276082373, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -229, "year_label": "230 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adherbal, admiral of the Carthaginian fleet who has battled for domination of the Mediterranean Sea for Carthage in the First Punic War against Rome", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304215922#Deaths", "title": "230 BC", "revid": 1304215922, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca is killed in a battle in Hispania, ending his lengthy campaign to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for Carthage. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he has secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest. Command of his army in the Iberian Peninsula passes to his son-in-law Hasdrubal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Carthage", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Roman_Republic", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Flaminius is re-elected consul with Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be a rebuke of the Senate's prosecution of the war. Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Roman_Republic", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian fleet ravages the territory of The Kingdom of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Syracuse", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Syracuse"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Carthaginian invasion fleet bound for Sardinia is delayed by bad weather giving the Romans the time to organize an intervention; the Roman general Titus Manlius Torquatus, one of it original conquerors, is sent to Sardinia with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Sardinia", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Sardinia"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Syphax, king of the western Numidian tribe, the Masaesyli, concludes an alliance with the Romans and they send military advisers to help Syphax train his soldiers. He then attacks the eastern Numidians (the Massylii) ruled by Gala, who is an ally of the Carthaginians. The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal travels to northern Africa from Spain to stamp out the uprising by the Numidians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Carthage", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles—Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Carthage", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Roman_Republic", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Roman_Republic", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Roman_Republic", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general who has unsuccessfully attempted to sustain Carthage's military ascendancy on the Spanish peninsula in the face of Roman attacks (b. 245 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Deaths", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Roman_Republic", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, who, until his defection to Rome, has been betrothed to Masinissa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Carthage", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Carthage", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Deaths", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Carthage", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hasdrubal Gisco, Carthaginian general who has fought against Rome in Iberia and North Africa during the Second Punic War, customarily identified as the son of Gisco (suicide)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Deaths", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -195, "year_label": "196 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, believed by the Romans to have been incited to revolt by Carthage, are finally defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172645#Roman_Republic", "title": "196 BC", "revid": 1354172645, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians manage to collect the indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Carthage", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Greece", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Roman_Republic", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Births", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal, Carthaginian statesman, military commander and tactician, one of history's great military leaders, who has commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (b. 247 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Deaths", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, Roman statesman and general, famous for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which ended the Second Punic War and gave him the surname Africanus (b. 236 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Deaths", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -171, "year_label": "172 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481117#Carthage", "title": "172 BC", "revid": 1370481117, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Postumius Albinus is sent by Rome as an ambassador to King Masinissa of Numidia, and to the Carthaginians in order to raise troops for the war against Perseus of Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Roman_Republic", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Laelius, Roman general and politician who was involved in Rome's victory during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -156, "year_label": "157 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians, prevented by their treaty with Rome from engaging in armed resistance, but equally guaranteed against any loss of territory, appeal to Rome against the depredations of King Masinissa of Numidia. The Roman censor Marcus Porcius Cato heads a commission which arbitrates a truce between Carthage and her former ally, Masinissa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311551494#Roman_Republic", "title": "157 BC", "revid": 1311551494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -150, "year_label": "151 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian debt to Rome is fully repaid, meaning that, according to Carthage, the treaty with Rome, which was put in place at the end of the Second Punic War, is no longer in force. The Romans do not agree with this interpretation. Instead they view the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837944#Carthage", "title": "151 BC", "revid": 1267837944, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then ask Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Carthage", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -133, "year_label": "134 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage, takes command in Spain against the Numantians. He recruits 20,000 men and 40,000 allies, including Numidian cavalry under Jugurtha. Scipio, an expert in sieges, builds a ring of seven forts and a ditch palisade before beginning the Siege of Numantia. The perimeter of the circumvallations is twice as long as that of the city. The river Durius (Douro), enables the defenders to be supplied by small boats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1175484109#Roman_Republic", "title": "134 BC", "revid": 1175484109, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is possibly assassinated by his enemies in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#The_Roman_Republic", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › The Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 24, "year_label": "24 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Masinissa line of the rulers of Carthage ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#North_Africa", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 24 AD › North Africa"}}, {"year": 180, "year_label": "180 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) – they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305659#Religion", "title": "AD 180", "revid": 1371305659, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 203, "year_label": "203 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium, and expands the southern frontier of Africa, with the metropolis Carthage re-fortified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189154#Roman_Empire", "title": "203", "revid": 1371189154, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 249, "year_label": "249 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cyprian, Christian writer of Berber descent, becomes bishop of Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227182#Religion", "title": "249", "revid": 1371227182, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 250, "year_label": "250 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "An epidemic begins in Ethiopia, moves into Egypt and the Roman colonies in North Africa, and spreads through the Roman Empire (named the Plague of Cyprian, after St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187135#Roman_Empire", "title": "250", "revid": 1371187135, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Stephen I threatens to excommunicate Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, and other bishops in Africa and Asia Minor, unless they stop rebaptizing heretics. Cyprian attacks the Pope in a treatise that gains support from the Council of Carthage. He sends envoys to Rome, raising the specter of a schism between the Roman and Carthaginian Churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Religion", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 371, "year_label": "371 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Augustine of Hippo, age 17, travels to Carthage to continue his education in rhetoric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1283531136#Religion", "title": "371", "revid": 1283531136, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Saint Aurelius, bishop of Carthage (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Deaths", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 431, "year_label": "431 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311961439#Africa", "title": "431", "revid": 1311961439, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Carthage falls to the Vandals. Genseric makes it his capital and establishes the Vandal Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Africa", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Sack of Rome: King Genseric leads the Vandals into Rome, after he has promised Pope Leo I not to burn and plunder the city. Genseric sacks the city for a period of two weeks. Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, are taken hostage. The loot is sent to the harbour of Ostia and loaded into ships, from whence the Vandals depart and return to Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 456, "year_label": "456 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage, to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa, and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752999#Roman_Empire", "title": "456", "revid": 1364752999, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Roman_Empire", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 462, "year_label": "462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vandal War (461-468): After negotiations, Emperor Leo I pays a large ransom for Licinia Eudoxia and Placidia. They return after seven years of captivity in Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1284520427#Roman_Empire", "title": "462", "revid": 1284520427, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anthemius sends a Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus. He expels the Vandals from Sicily and retakes Sardinia. The Eastern general Heraclius of Edessa lands with a force on the Libyan coast, east of Carthage, and advances from Tripolitania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 469, "year_label": "469 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals invade Epirus (modern Greece). They are expelled from the Peloponnese (Greece) and in retaliation, the Vandals take 500 hostages at Zakynthos. On the way back to Carthage they are slaughtered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138926#Europe", "title": "469", "revid": 1360138926, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 477, "year_label": "477 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Genseric, ruler of the Vandal Kingdom, dies a natural death at Carthage, and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea with his Vandal fleet, and rescinds his father's policy of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739274#Africa", "title": "477", "revid": 1364739274, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I sends an embassy to Carthage to negotiate with Gelimer. Gelimer replies: “Nothing is more desirable than that a monarch should mind his own business.”", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Africa", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The Byzantine army lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia). Belisarius marches his army northwards, towards Carthage (over 140 miles), following the coast, accompanied by the fleet and shadowed by Gelimer. During the march, the Vandal towns fall without a fight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April", "text": "April – Justinian I reorganises the province as an African prefecture, centered in Carthage. He restores frontier defences, and returns property to the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Africa", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – April – Belisarius sails to Carthage with 1,000 men, to suppress a mutiny against Solomon. Meanwhile, Carthage is besieged by 9,000 rebels, including many Vandals, under Stotzas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Africa", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of Scalas Veteres (6 km south of Carthage, in the Praetorian prefecture of Africa): Byzantine troops under Germanus crush a large-scale mutiny. Stotzas, leader of the rebellion, flees with a handful of followers to Mauretania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Africa", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Maurice establishes the Exarchate of Carthage in Africa. He combines the civil authority of a praetorian prefect and the military authority, based at Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius prepares to leave Constantinople and moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage, but is convinced to stay by Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople. He begins to rebuild the Byzantine army with the aid of funds from church treasures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 647, "year_label": "647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: An Arab army (20,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad invades the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. It conquers Tripolitania and the city of Sufetula, 150 miles (240 km) south of Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804471#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "647", "revid": 1340804471, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 682, "year_label": "682 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At about this time, Muslim Umayyad Caliphate forces led by Uqba ibn Nafi overrun the south coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He occupies the cities of Tripoli and Carthage, the last Byzantine bases in Africa. In 682 or 683 the Umayyads are ambushed at the Battle of Vescera near Biskra (modern Algeria) by Romano-Berbers of King Caecilius and their Byzantine allies from the Exarchate of Carthage. Uqba ibn Nafi is killed and his army evacuates the city of Kairouan in Tunisia and withdraws to Barca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973674#Africa", "title": "682", "revid": 1347973674, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}]}