{"slug": "caspian-sea", "label": "Caspian Sea", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5484", "qid": "Q5484", "description": "largest landlocked salt lake, located between Europe and Asia", "entries": 18, "years": 18, "span": [-329, 1952], "span_label": ["330 BCE", "1952 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "huns", "label": "Huns", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parthia", "label": "Parthia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "georgia-country", "label": "Georgia (country)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "caucasus", "label": "Caucasus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lazica", "label": "Lazica", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "caucasian-albania", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantinesassanid-war-of-572591", "label": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gokturks", "label": "Göktürks", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "greater-khorasan", "label": "Greater Khorasan", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Crossing the Elburz Mountains to the Caspian Sea, Alexander seizes Zadracarta in Hyrcania and receives the submission of a group of satraps and Persian notables, some of whom he confirms in their offices. He then travels westward and defeats the Mardi, a mountain people who inhabit the Elburz Mountains. He also accepts the surrender of Darius' Greek mercenaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -292, "year_label": "293 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his realm (i.e. between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean), Seleucus hands over the government of these lands west of the Euphrates to his son Antiochus. Antiochus is appointed co-regent and commander-in-chief of these territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129456#Persia", "title": "293 BC", "revid": 1350129456, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces I, king of Parthia from 250 BC and son of Phriapites, a chief of the seminomadic Parni tribe from the Caspian steppes", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Deaths", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The King of the Parthians, Arsaces II, is attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who takes Hecatompylos (southeast of the Caspian Sea), the Arsacid capital and Syrinx in Hyrcania. Antiochus III defeats Arsaces II at the Battle of Mount Labus and then forces Arsaces II to enter into an alliance with the Seleucids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Han diplomat Zhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State of Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states of Kangju, Greater Yuezhi and Daxia (Bactria). He also learns of the Parthian Empire, Daqin, the Caspian Sea and the source of the Yellow River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#China", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 363, "year_label": "363 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Huns first appear in Europe and reach the Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307501#Europe", "title": "363", "revid": 1367307501, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 557, "year_label": "557 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Avars arrive in the northern region of the Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. They send envoys to the Byzantines in Lazica (modern Georgia). Like the Huns, the Avars are the former elite of a central Asian federation, which has been forced to flee westwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800259#Europe", "title": "557", "revid": 1340800259, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under command of Justinian (magister militum) invades Caucasian Albania, launching raids across the Caspian Sea against the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Hormizd IV refuses to give up territories, and breaks off negotiations with the Byzantine Empire. The Türks invade Khorasan and reach Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Persia", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 650, "year_label": "650 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Khazar Khaganate extends from the Dnieper to the Caspian Sea, and establishes the city, Itil, as its capital on the shore of the Caspian. Northward it extends to the headwaters of the Volga. Their rulers accept the Jewish religion, apparently to assert their independence from both Muslims and Christians (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804422#Europe", "title": "650", "revid": 1340804422, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mansur of the Abbasid Caliphate launches the conquest of Tabaristan (on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea). Its ruler, Khurshid II, flees into the mountainous region of Daylam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "957 Caspian Sea earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Sea and its vicinity. The earthquake is mentioned by several Arab and Syriac chronicle writers, who claimed that it mainly affected the region of Persian Iraq. The initial shocks lasted 40 days, but ceased for a while. The main earthquake then occurred, damaging the cities of Ray, Talikan, and Hulwan. A reported number of 150 villages were supposedly destroyed by the earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#Caspian_Sea", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Events › By place › Caspian Sea"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Muhammad II flees westwards across northern Iran, hoping to find safety in the rugged and isolated region of Mazandaran on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. He is pursued by 20,000 Mongol forces led by Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow). Abandoned by the remnants of his panic-stricken troops, Muhammad seeks shelter on a small island near Astara. There he dies of pleurisy some weeks later. He is succeeded by his son Jalal al-Din Mangburni, who is forced to flee to India after the Mongol invasion (see 1219).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that Jochi, who camps north of the Caspian Sea, will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father Genghis Khan's orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mongol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – In modern-day Russia, on the Caspian Sea, the three-day \"Battle of Torches\" ends as Ottoman Empire troops defeat forces of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#April–June", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 (November 4 O.S.) – Russia's Emperor Peter the Great issues an order establishing the Caspian Flotilla during its war against Persia to gain complete control of the landlocked Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#October–December", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Oil is discovered beneath the Caspian Sea, off the coast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#November", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Navigation opens on the Volga–Don Canal, connecting the Caspian Sea basin with that of the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#May–June", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › May–June"}}]}