{"slug": "catalonia", "label": "Catalonia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5705", "qid": "Q5705", "description": "nationality and autonomous community of Spain", "entries": 41, "years": 41, "span": [506, 1992], "span_label": ["506 CE", "1992 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "county-of-barcelona", "label": "County of Barcelona", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "barcelona", "label": "Barcelona", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "republic-of-pisa", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ramon-berenguer-iv-count-of-barcelona", "label": "Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "county-of-urgell", "label": "County of Urgell", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "almoravid-dynasty", "label": "Almoravid dynasty", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "principality-of-catalonia", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ebro", "label": "Ebro", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "james-i-of-aragon", "label": "James I of Aragon", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 506, "year_label": "506 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths capture the city of Dertosa in Catalonia. They arrest and execute the Roman usurper Peter, sending his head as a trophy to Zaragoza (Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364757912#Europe", "title": "506", "revid": 1364757912, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John of Biclaro, Visigoth chronicler, finishes his \"Chronicle\" before he is appointed bishop of Girona (Catalonia, Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Religion", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Europe", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Frankish Kingdom conquers Girona and Urgell (modern Spain) from the Moors. The Franks divide Catalonia into 14 countships. Charlemagne suppresses a rebellion by count Hardrad of Thuringia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Europe", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne conquers Catalonia, as far south as the River Ebro and the Balearic Islands. The counties come under the rule of Bera, count of Barcelona. He signs a three-year peace treaty with the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Europe", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Wilfred the Hairy, a Frankish nobleman, becomes count of Urgell and Cerdanya (modern-day Catalonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Europe", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 879, "year_label": "879 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfred the Hairy, count of Barcelona, founds the Benedictine monastery at Ripoll, in Catalonia (Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046041#Religion", "title": "879", "revid": 1348046041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town of Lloret de Mar is founded in Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Europe", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moorish forces under vizier Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar sack the Catalan city of Manresa (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – Count Ramon Berenguer II of Barcelona is killed while hunting in the woods. He is succeeded by his twin brother Berenguer Ramon II as the sole ruler of Catalonia (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Europe", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1088, "year_label": "1088 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Catalonian troops, under Count Berenguer Ramon II, reconquer Tarragona (lost again in 1108). He will rule Catalonia with his 6-year-old nephew Ramon Berenguer III, until he comes of age.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365263990#Europe", "title": "1088", "revid": 1365263990, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1106, "year_label": "1106 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Balaguer (located in Catalonia) is conquered from the Moors by Ermengol VI, count of Urgell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266175#Europe", "title": "1106", "revid": 1365266175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Count Ramon Berenguer III (the Great) of Barcelona, joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Europe", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Almoravid troops conquer the Balearic Islands, whose Moorish rulers have been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Europe", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1119, "year_label": "1119 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Olegarius Bonestruga, archbishop of Tarragona, preaches successfully a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361127585#Religion", "title": "1119", "revid": 1361127585, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the \"Confraternity of Tarragona\"), to combat the Almoravids in Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Religion", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1131, "year_label": "1131 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, dies after a 34-year reign. He leaves most of his Catalonian territories to his elder son Ramon Berenguer IV, who continues the fight against the Almoravid Muslims. His younger son Berenguer Ramon inherits Provence (Southern France) and will reign as Ramon I (until 1144).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372289644#Europe", "title": "1131", "revid": 1372289644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Genoa reaches a commercial agreement with Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, granting privileges to merchants of both nations in the Catalan and Ligurian ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Europe", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain); a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Alfonso II (the Chaste) of Aragon conquers the cities of Caspe and Teruel. He strengthens his southern frontier after Almohad forces under Caliph Yusuf I ravage Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Europe", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1172, "year_label": "1172 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Muslim rebellion is quelled at Prades in Catalonia; this event marks the end of the pacification of the lands recently conquered by Count Ramon Berenguer IV (\"the Saint\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184481#Europe", "title": "1172", "revid": 1369184481, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Carthusian monastery of Scala Dei is founded in the region of Montsant in Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Religion", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – A Catalan-Aragonese expeditionary army under King James I (the Conqueror) embarks with 155 ships, 1,500 knights and 15,000 men from Tarragona, Salou, and Cambrils, in southern Catalonia. He sets sail to conquer Majorca. On December 31, James finally conquers the island from the Almohad ruler, Abu Yahya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Europe", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Treaty of Corbeil: King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") signs a peace treaty with King James I of Aragon (\"the Conqueror\"). Louis, heir of Charlemagne, formally renounces his feudal overlordship over Catalonia (independent de facto since 988), while James renounces his claims over Occitania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Europe", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1333, "year_label": "1333 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A great famine takes place in Southern Europe. It is known to historians of Catalonia as Lo mal any primer, \"the First Bad Year\" (equivalent to the Great Famine of 1315–1317 further north), an early notice of the catastrophes of the second half of this century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351084838#Date_unknown", "title": "1333", "revid": 1351084838, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#Date_unknown", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – In Spain, the popular Prince Carlos de Viana, heir to the throne of Navarre, is arrested at Lleida and jailed in Morella by order of his father, King Juan II, leading to an uprising in Catalonia. King Juan eventually yields and frees Prince Carlos two months later on February 25.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#October–December", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – The Reapers' War (Guerra dels Segadors or Catalan Revolt) breaks out in Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#April–June", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The Pact of Genoa is signed by representatives of England and the Spanish Principality of Catalonia as a military alliance providing for English troops to be stationed in Catalonia as part of the War of Spanish Succession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#April–June", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Reus in Catalonia, Spain is given the title of imperial city by Elisabeth Christine, wife of Archduke Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#April_–June", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Barcelona is taken after a year's siege, and Catalonia surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#July–September", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia make it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, and abolishes the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, concluding the unification of Spain under Philip V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#January–March", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – King Philip V of Spain orders the closure of all universities in Catalonia, including the historic Estudi General de Lleida.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#October–December", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Battle of Valls: Spanish forces are defeated in Catalonia by Marshal Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#January–March", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Narcís Monturiol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer (d. 1885)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355822452#July–December", "title": "1819", "revid": 1355822452, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – In Catalonia, Spain, the Barcelona–Mataró railroad route (the first to be constructed in the Iberian Peninsula) is inaugurated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Narcís Monturiol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion (b. 1819)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#July–December", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The Cortes Generales (Parliament) of the Second Spanish Republic approves the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which grants full autonomy for Catalonia for the first time in modern history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#September", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Events of October the 6th: the President of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, declares the Catalan State of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crush the Catalan forces, and arrest him and the members of the Catalan government. The autonomy of Catalonia is suspended until 1936.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#September–October", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The president of Catalonia, Josep Tarradellas, returns to Barcelona from exile and the autonomous government of Catalonia, the Generalitat, is restored.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#October", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25–August 9 – The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#July", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › July"}}]}