{"slug": "central-asia", "label": "Central Asia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27275", "qid": "Q27275", "description": "subregion of the Asian continent", "entries": 38, "years": 37, "span": [75, 2021], "span_label": ["75 CE", "2021 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 24}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "gokturks", "label": "Göktürks", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "tang-dynasty", "label": "Tang dynasty", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "turgesh", "label": "Turgesh", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "western-turkic-khaganate", "label": "Western Turkic Khaganate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "transoxiana", "label": "Transoxiana", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "emperor-taizong-of-tang", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "luoyang", "label": "Luoyang", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "uzbekistan", "label": "Uzbekistan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 75, "year_label": "75 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Revolt against the Chinese in Tarim: Cachera and Turpan are besieged. Luoyang orders the evacuation of Tarim. Ban Chao makes the rebels retreat towards Khotan. At the same time, the Chinese army of Ganzhou reconquers Turpan in Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao convinces the emperor of the need to control Central Asia in the fight against Xiongnu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364745397#Asia", "title": "AD 75", "revid": 1364745397, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 110, "year_label": "110 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Caravans make regular departures from Luoyang with Chinese ginger, cassia (a type of cinnamon), and silk to be bartered in Central Asia for gold, silver, glassware, pottery, cloth, and intaglio gems from Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191593#Asia", "title": "AD 110", "revid": 1371191593, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 177, "year_label": "177 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Chinese troops suffer a crushing defeat against a confederacy of Central Asian tribes, led by the Xianbei (see Wu Hu).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305288#Asia", "title": "AD 177", "revid": 1371305288, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 178, "year_label": "178 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In India, the decline of the Kushan Empire begins. The Sassanides take over Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305397#Asia", "title": "AD 178", "revid": 1371305397, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 355, "year_label": "355 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Huns of Central Asia begin their great drive westwards with an advance into Scythia (modern Ukraine). They overcome and absorb the Alans, a nomadic and warlike horse breeding people from the steppes northeast of the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331300399#Asia", "title": "355", "revid": 1331300399, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hephthalites threaten the Sasanian Empire from the East. They extend their domain in Central Asia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Persia", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I sends two Nestorian monks on a mission to Central Asia, to spread Christianity in the East (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 552, "year_label": "552 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I receives the first silkworm eggs from two Nestorian monks at Constantinople. They were sent to Central Asia (see 550) and smuggled the precious eggs from China hidden in rods of bamboo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "552", "revid": 1340800166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 555, "year_label": "555 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Rouran Khaganate ends; it is defeated by the Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan, who expands his rule in Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356951195#Asia", "title": "555", "revid": 1356951195, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Uyghurs are defeated by the Göktürks, who expand their territory in Central Asia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Asia", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taspar Qaghan succeeds his brother Muqan Qaghan as ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Asia", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 575, "year_label": "575 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tardu succeeds his father Istämi, as governor (yabgu) of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658531#Asia", "title": "575", "revid": 1367658531, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Blarathon: A Persian army of about 40,000 men under King Bahrām VI is defeated, in the lowlands near Ganzak (northwestern Iran), by the Byzantines. Bahrām flees to seek refuge with the Turks in Central Asia, and settles in Fergana. However, after some time, he is murdered by a hired assassin of Khosrau II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 603, "year_label": "603 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rebellious Göktürks depose and kill the ambitious ruler (khagan) Tardu, of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752956#Asia", "title": "603", "revid": 1364752956, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sui dynasty Emperor Yang of Sui expresses the desire to control routes to the West, leading to two and a half centuries of Chinese military and trading activities in Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Asia", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty launches a campaign against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Asia", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty destroys the Xueyantuo state, during the campaign against the Xueyantuo (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#China", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Xuanzang completes his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Religion", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 658, "year_label": "658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Chinese forces defeat the Western Turkic Kaganate (Central Asia). The West kaganate becomes a vassal of the Tang dynasty. During the power vacuum, Turgesh tribes emerge as the leading power (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369710051#Asia", "title": "658", "revid": 1369710051, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 694, "year_label": "694 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Qapaghan Khan (694–716) succeeds his brother Illterish Khan, as ruler of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806245#Asia", "title": "694", "revid": 1340806245, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Qapaghan Qaghan conquers parts of Transoxiana (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Asia", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Caliph Al-Walid I dies at Damascus after a 10-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. During his rule the Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest height, with successful campaigns undertaken in Transoxiana (Central Asia), Sindh (Pakistan), Hispania and against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Arabian_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Qapaghan Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Second Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia), is killed during a campaign against his rival Toquz Oghuz. His severed head is sent to Chang'an, capital of the Tang dynasty. Qapaghan is succeeded by his son Inel Khagan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Asia", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Asia"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh. The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass. The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Asia", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 766, "year_label": "766 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Karluks defeat the Turgesh Khaganate in Central Asia. Most of Turkestan (former Onoq territory) falls under Karluk rule, except west of Lake Aral, where the loose confederation of the Oghuz Turks is about to emerge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073182#Asia", "title": "766", "revid": 1267073182, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Magyars, an Ugric tribe from the steppe of Central Asia, move west under the leadership of Árpád. They are pushed by their rivals, the Pechenegs, into the Balkan Peninsula, and become entangled in a war between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. The Magyars head north and settle in Great Moravia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 980, "year_label": "980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Dari dialect (which will become the major language of Persia) is developed in the royal courts of the Samanid Empire in Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364109392#Arabian_Empire", "title": "980", "revid": 1364109392, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1065, "year_label": "1065 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alp Arslan, leader of the Seljuk Turks, campaigns against the Kipchaks and the Türkmen in Central Asia. He captures the city of Kars and plunders the western provinces of Georgia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271706#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1065", "revid": 1365271706, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yelü Dashi captures Balasagun from the Kara-Khanid Khanate, marking the start of the Qara Khitai empire (and its Kangguo era) in Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Asia", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Mongol army led by Subutai and Jochi cross the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, and returns to the horde of Genghis Khan on the Irtysh River. At a great kurultai or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see 1220) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and Central Asia become part of the Mongol Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#Asia", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mongols under Batu Khan, eldest of Jochi, sweep across Central Asia. They settle in the Russian steppe, curtailing the power of the Kievan Rus', extracting tribute from their neighbors, and disrupting their relationship with the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Battle of Kōan (or Second Battle of Hakata Bay): A second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon, famously called a kamikaze, or 'divine wind', destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, Kublai Khan begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in Southeast and Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Asia", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan Dynasty announce to Toqta Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde, their general peace proposal. Toqta accepts the supremacy of Emperor Temür Khan and all yams (postal relays) and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopen. In response, Toqta solidifies his rule upon the Rus' princes, who pledge allegiance to him at an assembly in Pereyaslavl.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#Asia", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Timur becomes first Amir of the Timurid Empire, following the Siege of Balkh which establishes his rule over the Chagatai Khanate, completing his conquest of Central Asia and parts of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#April–June", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May", "text": "May – The first case of the 1889–1890 pandemic of is reported in the city of Bukhara in the Central Asian part of the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#May", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February", "text": "Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush (\"Operation Lentil\"): Forced deportation of Chechens and Ingush people from North Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia by the Soviet authorities begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#February", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – At least 55 people are killed and nearly 50,000 more are displaced in one of the most serious clashes in Central Asia following border disputes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#April", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › April"}}]}