{"slug": "cereal", "label": "Cereal", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12117", "qid": "Q12117", "description": "grass cultivated for its edible grain", "entries": 9, "years": 9, "span": [-405, 618], "span_label": ["406 BCE", "618 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alans", "label": "Alans", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "genseric", "label": "Genseric", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mediterranean-sea", "label": "Mediterranean Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "germanic-peoples", "label": "Germanic peoples", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Callicratidas is appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. Callicratidas assembles a fleet and sails to Methymna, on Lesbos, to which he lays siege. This move threatens the Athenian grain supply.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Greece", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 359, "year_label": "359 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Famine in Upper Rhineland: A fleet of 800 river boats, built for the Rhine, cross to the British east coast, and carry back enough corn to raise the famine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332409759#Roman_Empire", "title": "359", "revid": 1332409759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Wallia, brother of Athaulf, becomes king of the Visigoths. He accepts a peace treaty with emperor Honorius, in return for a supply of 600,000 measures of grain. After the negotiations he sends Placidia to Rome with hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Roman_Empire", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric (\"Caesar King\"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals establish a North African granary that enables them to enforce their will on other nations, who are dependent on North Africa for grain and other food staples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Africa", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty organises the Grand Canal. He builds ships for transportation and grain stores are located at strategic points.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Asia", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Gregory I begins a vigorous program of rebuilding aqueducts and restoring Rome. He feeds the citizens with doles of grain, as under Roman imperial rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Religion", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians besiege Alexandria; the defence of the city is led by Nicetas (cousin of emperor Heraclius). The Byzantine resistance is undermined by a blockade of the harbor; the usual grain supplies are cut off from Egypt to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}