{"slug": "ceuta", "label": "Ceuta", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5823", "qid": "Q5823", "description": "Spanish autonomous city in northwestern Africa", "entries": 20, "years": 18, "span": [42, 1668], "span_label": ["42 CE", "1668 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "almohad-caliphate", "label": "Almohad Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "emirate-of-granada", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "abu-yusuf-yaqub-ibn-abd-al-haqq", "label": "Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lisbon", "label": "Lisbon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "almoravid-dynasty", "label": "Almoravid dynasty", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "prince-henry-the-navigator", "label": "Prince Henry the Navigator", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "muhammad-ii-of-granada", "label": "Muhammad II of Granada", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tarifa", "label": "Tarifa", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 42, "year_label": "42 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_42", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 42"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Arab army is invited into Ceuta by its governor, Julian, who is an opponent of Roderick. He encourages them to invade the Iberian Peninsula. Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of Tangier (Morocco), and establishes a Moorish garrison of 1,700 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba invades and conquers the city of Ceuta, which was ruled by the Berber dynasty Banu Isam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#North_Africa", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besieges Ceuta. Since the city can receive help from the sea, the siege will last until 1083.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Africa", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1083, "year_label": "1083 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ceuta falls to the Almoravids, after a five-year siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070185#Africa", "title": "1083", "revid": 1267070185, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1143, "year_label": "1143 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Norman raiders capture Jijel (modern Algeria). A Norman raid on Ceuta fails, but at the same time the Normans lead a successful assault against Sfax.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337864253#Africa", "title": "1143", "revid": 1337864253, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the uprising of other cities in the region of Meknes (modern Morocco) under al-Massati, the population of Ceuta rebels against the Almohads.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Africa", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Africa", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Legend of Nazaré: Dom Fuas Roupinho, alcalde of Porto de Mós, is inspired by a Marian miracle to erect the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Nazaré overlooking Nazaré, Portugal. Later this year while trying to enter the harbor of Ceuta by surprise to sink Muslim ships he is spotted and killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Europe", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Almohad army besieges the city of Ceuta, where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph Idris al-Ma'mun, has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes de facto independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#Africa", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1274, "year_label": "1274 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq, Marinid ruler, enters peacefully into Ceuta, putting an end to some 40 years of the city's independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356688810#Africa", "title": "1274", "revid": 1356688810, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Marinid forces led by Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq land in Spain upon a call from Muhammad II, ruler of Granada. With a fleet of 20 ships organized at Ceuta, some 5,000 men are transported from Alcázar Seguir to Tarifa without meeting any significant Christian opposition. The Maranids raid as far as the towns of Vejer de la Frontera and Jerez.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Europe", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – (29 Shawwal 705 AH) A Moorish Nasrid fleet sent by Sultan Sultan Muhammad III of the Emirate of Granada (now part of Spain) makes a surprise attack on Africa and captures Ceuta. Nasrid forces land in Ksar es-Seghir, Larache, and Asilah, occupying these Atlantic ports (→ Battle of the Strait). At the same time, Prince Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula of the Marinid Sultanate, leads a rebellion against Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr. He conquers a mountainous area in northern Morocco and allies himself with Granada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#April_–_June", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – The north African territory of Ceuta, controlled by the Emirate of Granada, is conquered by a fleet of ships, led by Eimeric de Bellveí, from the Kingdom of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#July_–_September", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Marinid Sultan Abu al-Rabi Sulayman launches an attack on Ceuta. He concludes an alliance with King James II of Castile, and concedes commercial benefits to Castilian merchants. Abu al-Rabi also sends 1,000 measures of wheat to Aragon. A few months later, Marinid forces, without Castilian support, occupy Ceuta and expel Saracen forces from Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#April_–_June", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#July–September", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – Siege of Ceuta: After four days of battle, the Portuguese defenders of the city of Ceuta are able to force a retreat of invaders from Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#July–September", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1437, "year_label": "1437 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22– Portugal's disastrous Tangier expedition to attack Morocco begins as Prince Henry the Navigator and more than 6,000 troops (3,000 knights, 2,000 infantry, 1,000 archers) sail from the port of Belém toward Africa and the Portuguese colony of Ceuta. They arrive at Ceuta five days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358546204#July–September", "title": "1437", "revid": 1358546204, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1437, "year_label": "1437 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Prince Henry the Navigator (Henrique, o Navegador), brother of King Duarte of Portugal, agrees on behalf Portugal to cede its North African colony of Ceuta back to Morocco in return for being allowed to withdraw all of his troops, including those taken prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358546204#October–December", "title": "1437", "revid": 1358546204, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#January–March", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}