{"slug": "chalcedon", "label": "Chalcedon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337381", "qid": "Q337381", "description": "ancient city of Bithynia in modern-day Turkey", "entries": 10, "years": 10, "span": [218, 1203], "span_label": ["218 CE", "1203 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bosporus", "label": "Bosporus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bithynia", "label": "Bithynia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-army", "label": "Byzantine army", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pontus-region", "label": "Pontus (region)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "arab-muslims", "label": "Arab Muslims", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 218, "year_label": "218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats, with the support of the Syrian legions, the forces of Macrinus. Macrinus flees, but is captured near Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188214#Roman_Empire", "title": "218", "revid": 1371188214, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Phocas has Constantina, empress consort of Maurice, and her three daughters arrested. He accuses her of conspiracy, and has them executed at Chalcedon (Bithynia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Antioch: Heraclius mobilises a Byzantine expeditionary force to Antioch (Syria), but is completely defeated outside the city by the Persians. Shahin Vahmanzadegan makes further inroads into Central and Western Anatolia. In Syria, Shahrbaraz captures the cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid War: The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan conquers Chalcedon in Anatolia, and reaches the Bosporus, threatening Constantinople. Emperor Heraclius begins peace negotiations, promising an annual tribute of 1,000 talents of gold and silver. Shahin withdraws with his army to Syria, to focus on the invasion of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Heraclius invades Armenia, leaving his son Constantine (age 11) and co-regent Bonus to defend Constantinople against the Persians still at Chalcedon (modern Turkey). He sails with 5,000 reinforcements to join the Byzantine army at Trapezus. Raising additional forces in Pontus, Heraclius strikes through the mountains of Armenia and the northern sub-Caucasian principalities. He plunders Media (Azerbaijan), and avoids the Persian armies who attempt to trap him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Khosrow II withdraws most of his troops from Chalcedon (Anatolia); he assembles three armies to trap and destroy Heraclius' forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: Heraclius, his army reduced by campaigning to less than 30,000 men, is on the defensive in Pontus. Apparently he leaves a strong Byzantine garrison in Trapezus, and withdraws north-eastward along the Black Sea into Colchis, where he halts the Persians by aggressive defensive-offensive operations along the Phasis River. By attracting the Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan in Anatolia, he provides Theodore with the opportunity to defeat them. By the end of the summer he threatens the communication of the Persians at Chalcedon (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yazid reaches Chalcedon in Bithynia, and takes the important Byzantine center Amorium (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Arabian_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 669, "year_label": "669 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arab forces that have taken Chalcedon, on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, threaten the Byzantine capital Constantinople. The Muslim-Arabs are decimated by famine and disease. Yazid, the Arab commander, retreats to the island of Cyzicus (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805223#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "669", "revid": 1340805223, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – The Crusader fleet comes within sight of Constantinople, and enters the Bosporus. The Byzantine capital is defended by a garrison of 15,000 soldiers (including 5,000 men of the Varangian Guard), and a fleet of 20 galleys. On June 26, the Byzantine troops skirmish with the Crusader forces, who attack, without success, the cities of Chalcedon and Chrysopolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}]}